Climate Change Effects On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

The last two decennaries climate alteration is increasing due to the alteration of human activity such as autos, planes, mill and other beginnings we use that adds nursery gases to the ambiance. Because of these human causes the Earth is heating up. One consequence that clime alteration has is the consequence the alteration will hold upon human H2O fresh water resources. I believe that clime alteration will hold an consequence on human H2O resources because of the close connexions with the hydrological rhythm, the raising temperature will increase in inundations and drouths that will take to the demand on more freshwater resources. Climate alteration has close connexions with the hydrological rhythm. The hydrological rhythm is located in the Earths hydrosphere this is the country in around Earth which holds all the H2O. The H2O is moved around the Earths hydrosphere in a rhythm. The hydrological rhythm is moved in five different stairss – vaporization, precipitation, condensation, overflow, aggregation and infiltration. The as you can see in Figure 1 the hydrologival rhythm all starts of with vaporization this is the alteration of liquid H2O to H2O vapor. The following measure is condensation this is the procedure of altering H2O vapor, from a liquid and so to organize clouds as you can see from the clouds in figure 1. This procedure can be notice for illustration when you look out for dew on the land in the forenoon. As the clouds you see in the sky move around Earth distributing the H2O vapor from topographic point to topographic point. The clouds become over laden with wet so they have to let go of th e overladen wet. They release the wet by a procedure called by precipitation which is normally rain, hail or snow. Infiltration occurs they when all the precipitations lay on the land. If there is to much precipitation on the land this becomes overflow. Runoff stays on the Earth land and runs into watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans. So when the precipitation run into the these watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans this procedure is called aggregation. As infiltration, overflow and aggregation are being processed, the Sun is doing a the rhythm to return back to the begaining of the rhythm to the procedure called evaporation.Sunlight heats up the liquid in watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans. The warm air rises upwards into the ambiance and becomes the vapor involved in condensation. Without this procedure life on Earth would be impossible. Fresh water that we use in or twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lifes normally comes from Aquifer, Streams, Rivers, Lakes. Aquifer are constructed when stones of the upper portion of the Earth ‘s crust contain holes or pores. Thesiss holes are large or joined together so that H2O can flux through them easy. This is a portion of stone that is easy for H2O to go through through known as permeable. Streams normally get most of its H2O from overflow, rain and thaw snow. A watercourse is formed when the rain and runing snow met at the same topographic point and acquire into a line of channel. Streams usely flows into lakes, rivers, aquifer and seas. Rivers are a natural watercourse of fresh water resource. Water within the river is by and large collected from precipitation through surface overflow, groundwater recharge, springs and the release of stored H2O in ice and runing glaciers. Lakes are normally filled with deep fresh water or salt H2O. Lakes are inland usly on mountains countries and are non portion of the Ocean. They are filled by rivers or watercourses that connect to them. Some Lakes can be adult male made and are constructed for industrial or agricultural usage and even for hydro- electric power or domestic H2O supply. Water is one of the most importent inputs the human organic structure demands for us worlds to get by with mundane life. We need it for so many things e.g. wellness, turning nutrient, irrigation, industry. Despite the importance of Freshwater Resources decreasing, we are get downing to take the fresh water resources for granted. Most of the fresh water we use is wasted and polluted. Because the hydrological rhythm temperature is lifting it will take to a alteration in the horological rhythm, This will hold an impact on the conditions. The dry seasons will go alot more drier and the wet seasons will go alot more wetter. Leaving us with more inundations and drouths. This alteration will therefore will leave the handiness and quality of H2O. Some of the states on this Earth already hold a difficult enouch clip acquiring H2O because of increaseing industrial pollution and population growing. Climate alteration merely adds to the job to the quality of H2O, which in some parts of the universe the cut down rainfall and lifting temperatures decrease the fresh water. By the twelvemonth 2025 most of worlds populating in states with hapless H2O quality degrees will increase from about 34 per centum ( in 1995 ) to 63 percent.R K Pachauri ( 2005 ) The alteration in accessing H2O stressed countries will hold a possible struggle. As there will be a pressured demand on fresh water because of family, agricultural and industrial utilizations. These struggles will happen in H2O stressed countries contending against countries of natural springs and rivers every bit good as this it will take to conflict on boundary countries for illustration the part of Northern Kenya and the Samburu is holding to get by with the altering forms of rainfall and dry periods which with other force per unit areas on the natural resources are taking to increasing struggle among tribal groups over entree to scarce water.Smith ( 2006 ) 2 Discussion Most of the Earth has 70 % of ocean. While merely 30 % of the Earth is land. Around 84 % of the universes population is populating on dry land. Worlds are seeking to repair this by Reconstruction the hydrological rhythm system by constructing dikes and making waste H2O intervention workss etc. These elements will supply H2O for agribusiness, family, Industrial, environmental and other utilizations. But these alterations will besides take to some defects in old ages to come. India is one of the most effected by clime alteration. The snow ice caps of the Himalayas is sing less snow because of snow thaw. The glaciers is runing and there is marks of addition implosion therapy. The increasing rise temperatures is get downing to dry up the rivers. The Himalayas holds the largest sum ice on the Earth. Research workers have figure out that there is a strong combination between snow and the temperature. In recent old ages the Himalayas have experienced warm periods in the old ages between 1960- 1990, doing a decrease in snow autumn. Glaciers has been watched by research workers in the the past old ages. The United Nations clime study predicts by 2035 some Himalayan glaciers will vanish with the lifting temperatures. Because of the glaciers runing the thaw ice will run off into rivers such as the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers and some feeders coming from the Himalayan ice field. This will do deluging to riverside citations e.g. Varanasi, Kanpur and Patna. These metropolis ‘s have a population of 1000000s and have already see inundations during high monsoon season and it will be ongoing. Deluging will besides do break for the farming countries in northern parts of India and cause harm to the roads and rail manner line. The dikes such as the dike in Kosi autonomic nervous systems Sutlej could over flux doing more devastation to corn fields and colonies. When the point of no ice is reached by 2035 the ice thaw will hold either stopped because of a solution to climate alteration or be dried up because of the continued temperature lifting. If the ice does get down to understate the river will go weaker and drier during the monsoon oral cavities and summer. As the earths temperatures rises from about 14 grades C based in 2000 to a estimated 19 grades C in 2100 the undermentioned effects will be cause by the addition ; Agricultural, Household, Industrial, Environmental and wellness sea degrees will lift to an estimated 3.9 in to estimated 35 by 2100. Some parts of the coastal citations around India e.g. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and other parts of the universe will be submerged. Even most of the island around India will be covered in H2O. The island of Lohachara is the first island in the universe to be covered in H2O due to climate alteration. The island is located on the southern border of the Ganges delta in the bay of Bengal. Its 10,000 occupants became the first refugees created because of clime alteration. There is a group of 27 island called Lakhadweep around the Arabian sea off the seashore of south Indian province Kraal. They have a population of about 61,000 people populating on them. The low prevarication islands are in immense danger of being covered in H2O every bit good. India is one of the universe biggest state that effects the nursery consequence. With the increased temperatures they will make a addition in precipitation. Rising the procedure of vaporization ensuing from warmer sea temperatures in the Indian ocean and Arabian Sea will increase that destroy procedure around the West Indian Rajasthan Desert Equally good as the H2O resources being shorten because of clime alteration there is besides another job and that is that normally boundary states sometime portion the same H2O resource. There is some indenture that there has been conflict over fresh water shared by two or more states. Freshwater is really of import to all the universes Humans activity, including the Agricultural, Household, Industrial and Environmental. But bad direction and the impact of clime alteration can take to tenseness ‘s between different states. For some old ages the counties such as India and Bangladesh have encountered struggle on river resources. It all started In 1993 when India and Bangladesh came under force per unit area when the Ganges River started to make its record depressions. Because the H2O degree was low it affected Bangladesh agricultural and killed most of its harvests. In October 1995, The Prime Minister of Bangladesh addressed the United Nations ( UN ) .The premier curate called Indiais portion of river H2O resources ia gross misdemeanor of human rights and justice.i Indiais constitution of the Farrakka Barrage which is a bombardment built near the boundary line of Bangladesh. The bombardment was build was to separate H2O for the Calcutta port. But Bangladesh says that because of this separation it has resulted in falling H2O tabular arraies and greater H2O resources for Bangladesh. India has a different position of the issue. Indian leaders says that Bangladesh was incorrect in depicting this issue. Bangladesh has asked India for a iminimum guaranteei understanding which will give Bangladesh a minimal flow of H2O. In 1996 India and Bangladesh agreed in the understanding so the iTreaty on the Sharing of the Waters of the Gangi was signed. Some political leader were unhappy about the understanding. But it was accepted my most political leaders. Since the pact Bangladesh continues to hold a figure of jobs. Some of the understandings that was agreed in the pact have non been met. How are we traveling to repair this job is the inquiry we need to inquire ourselfs I can see from my research that some attempts are being made to better direction in freshwater resources. Different organiseions have been developed to assist the mather of clime alteration for illustration, the United Nation ( UN ) have organised the first H2O conference to take topographic point in 1977 and developed an action program to take action on the improved direction and development of H2O resources and the UN designated 2003 as the international twelvemonth of freshwater resources. The mission of the organision is to increase consciousness of the importance of fresh water usage, direction and protection, provide an chance to alter the execution of the rules of incorporate H2O resources direction, utilize the twelvemonth as a platform for advancing bing activity and spearheading new enterprises in H2O resources at the international, regional and national degrees, and Launch the universe H2O d evelopment study at the 3rd universe H2O forum in Kyoto. The World Summit on Sustainable Development ( WSSD ) 2002 has emphasised on the development of an incorporate H2O resources direction and H2O efficiency plan.DEVELOPMENT ( 2003 ) . Global Water Partnership ( GWP ) Is a web of bureaus and intuitions to advance iintegrated H2O resource managementi in developing states. It facilitates the exchange of cognition, experience and practise related to H2O resources management.Partnership ‘s ( 2010 ) . World Water Council ( WWC ) is an international think-tank for H2O issues. It nonsubjective is to iincrease protagonism for improved H2O resources managementi . WWC has been organizing the World Water Forum ( WWF ) bi-annually. The 3rd Forum was held in Japan in March 2003.Council ( 2010 ) . European Water Association Act as a focal point for the exchange of information related to H2O and H2O activities.Association ( 2010 ) 3 Decision I can reason that because of clime alteration and the hydrological rhythm it is holding a little long term consequence on human H2O resources. I can see that it has close connexions with the hydrological rhythm. Because of this it will increases implosion therapy, create dry lands and brush struggle within states. More acceleration to the hydrological rhythm may ensue in more terrible conditions and utmost conditions.Anne E. Egger ( 2003 ) If we do n't turn to this issue there will be farther more jobs in the hereafter and lead to even more drouths and implosion therapy. Harmonizing to the Comprehensive Assessment Of Water Manage in Agriculture, one in three people are already facing H2O deficits ( 2007 ) . Almost one-fifth of the worldis population, live in countries of physical scarceness. Climate alteration has a close connexion between hydrological rhythm. Rising temperatures will increase the altering liquid to vapour and take to the additions in rainfall and snowfall. Because of this the overall supply of freshwater resources will increase, Droughts and inundations will go on more often and alterations in snowfall and snow thaw are expected in cragged countries more often. Reading about clime alteration has made me let go of that we take our fresh water for granted and do n't believe about what will go on if we lose the fresh water. Will we hold to present H2O charges maintain better H2O systems.

Pest Analysis of Tyre Industry

PEST ANALYSIS OF TIRE INDUSTRY Tire Market in India is growing strongly and their production increasing from every year. In 2005, there were 40 tire manufacturing companies working in India which was consisted of major big brands in tire industry such as Good year, MRF, Falcon Tires and Bridge stones etc. we apply pest analysis on this market to check at what extent political, economical, technological and social factors are affecting this tire industry in India. POLITICAL: The government policy is much favored too local manufactures as said by the managing director of Goodyear India in 2005 that the tire market in India was almost exclusively dominated by local players and 90% of all tires on the Indian market were made and sold by the local Indian companies so Big companies like Good year, Michelin etc are hardly visible in India Tire Industry â€Å"Indianized† Government is providing more leverage to the local market that the foreign tire companies coming towards India. In 1926, when big giants in tire manufacturing like Dunlop, American firestone, Goodyear and Italian Ceat had much capital started their production plant in India than this had been a big treat for the local tire market. So Indian Government Immediately took an action and made a policy that if any foreign tire manufacturing company wanted to start their tire business in India than they had to act as locally and their names also seemed like locally such as Dunlop changed into Dunlop India and from Goodyear to Goodyear India. This â€Å"Indianized† process speeded up with the acquisition of most of the subsidiaries of foreign companies that operated in India: Firestone was bought by Modis in the early 1980s and Ceat and Dunlop were taken oven by RPG. Agreements with other foreign companies: There are many contracts and agreement of Indian companies with other foreigner companies which are as follows: * Under the Bangkok agreement, car and two wheelers tires were imported from china and South Korea at 10 percent custom duty. These imported tires had an average price 30 percent lower than tires sold by Indian companies. Some Indian companies like Apollo and JK tires tried to collaborate with Chinese companies in order to jointly produce cross ply tires. * In 1984, there was a agreement between the Indian and Japanese companies to get the model of Maruti 800 from Japanese company. * Ford and Dacia Logan are soon to be manufacture under the agreement by the Indian company with the foreign companies. ECONOMICAL: Growth of tire industry: The tire industry is growing in India day by day. In 1926, first tires were made by British company Dunlop. This gave rise to flourish of tire industry in India. When Cross ply tires were first introduced than 65 % of tire sales in India were covered by cross ply tires. But with the introduction of radial tire, radial tires represented 85% of car tire sales by volume. All the tire manufacturing companies are increasing their shares because tire industry in India is grooming with every year. In 2005, MRF, Apollo and JK tires had a tough competition and had a tough competition between them. Increases price of raw material: The prices of natural rubber and petroleum, which are essential components for the manufacturing of tires, becoming higher and higher which is badly effecting the tire manufacturing industry. TECHNOLOGY: SOCIAL:

Consumer Protection- Discussion post 5 Assignment

Consumer Protection- Discussion post 5 - Assignment Example On the other hand, a mortgage has two parties, which include the borrower and the lender. In an instance where the borrower is unable to pay, in mortgage the foreclosure and sale of the property have to use the judicial process (Vobeckà ¡, Kosteleckà ½, & Lux, 2014). The lender files the lawsuit. In a deed of trust, however, in case the borrower fails to pay, the home can be auctioned. This method does not use the courts, and the trustee is the one who auctions the home (Super, 2013). The deed of trust is more efficient and faster since it does not involve a judicial process. Different states have different laws on deeds of trust, and thus one may need to review such rules before deciding on which to use. Epstein, R. A. (2014). Public accommodations under the civil rights act of 1964: why freedom of association counts as a human right. Stanford Law Review, 66(6), 1241-1291. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548675357?accountid=45049 Vobeckà ¡, J., Kosteleckà ½, T., & Lux, M. (2014). Rental housing for young households in the Czech Republic: Perceptions, priorities and possible solutions*. Sociologicky Casopis, 50(3), 365-390. Retrieved from

An audit of anaemia in haemodialysis patients Essay

An audit of anaemia in haemodialysis patients - Essay Example According to the NICE guidelines, published by the Royal College of Physicians, "Conventionally anaemia is defined as a haemoglobin concentration lower than[normal as defined by WHO]. This cut-off figure ranges from 11 grams per decilitre (g/dl) for pregnant women and for children between 6 months and 5 years of age, to 12 g/dl for non-pregnant women, and to 13 g/dl for men."1 "In 2002, Hsu et. al. analyzed data from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III) (n=15,837) and found low iron indices to be frequently present at all levels of reduced creatinine clearance (CrCl)."2 Additionally, "[m]ore than 50% of CKD patients with an[a]emia were iron deficient, as indicated by serum ferritin 13 g/dl, but that there was no evidence either way for intermediate levels (11.5-13 g/dl) in comparison with higher or lower levels."5 One may wonder if particular medications can cause someone to become anaemic. "Some patients react to drugs because of inherited susceptibility, such as patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. G-6-PD is an important enzyme that buffers the mature red cell against oxidative stress. In individuals who are deficient in

Information Security Program Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Security Program Survey - Essay Example Since the NASA needs to manage highly sensitive data, information, strategic plans, and space programs, the organization pays particular attention to its information security program. This paper will analyze NASA’s information security program focusing on aspects like strategic fit, breadth and coverage, program deficiencies or implementation issues, and stated costs and benefits. NASA Information Security Program The NASA IT Security (ITS) Division operations under the control the Chief Information Officer to manage security projects and thereby to mitigate vulnerabilities, improve obstacles to cross-center collaboration, and to provide cost effective IT security services for supporting the agency’s systems and e-Gov initiatives. The ITS Division works to ensure that IT security across the organization meets integrity and confidentiality to enhance disaster recovery and continuity of operations. â€Å"The ITS Division develops and maintains an information security pro gram that ensures consistent security policy, indentifies and implements risk-based security controls, and tracks security metrics to gauge compliance and effectiveness† (IT Security Division). This Division also performs periodical audits and reviews to make certain that security policies and procedures meet accepted standards. It is clear that NASA extensively relies on information systems and networks to manage its activities such as scientific discovery, aeronautics research, and space exploration. Since many of these information systems and networks are interconnected using internet, they are more likely to be threatened by cyber attacks from different sources. While analyzing the strategic fit of the NASA’s information security program, it seems that the program cannot well support the organization’s goals and objectives due to several security pitfalls. Although the organization has achieved significant advancements in information security program manageme nt and security control implementation, it is still vulnerable to cyber attacks. According to the GAO report, NASA has not always implemented proper control measures to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of its systems and networks that support the organization’s mission directorates. As a result, the organization often fails to sufficiently prevent, restrict, and detect unauthorized access to its systems and networks (GAO). The major pitfall of the NASA’s information security program is that it has not been consistent in identifying and authenticating users and limiting user access to its key systems and networks. The organization cannot effectively encrypt its network services and data and often fails to protect its network boundaries. It is alarming to note that the organization has even failed to protect its information technology resources physically. In addition, shortcomings in the auditing and monitoring of computer-related events also contributed to the organization’s information security inefficiency. The organization also faces challenges in effectively segregating incompatible duties and managing system configurations. The key reason for those inefficiencies in NASA’s information security program is that the organization is yet to implement some key activities to make certain that control measure are appropriately developed and functioning efficiently. The organization does not give specific focus to complete assessment of information secur

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Research paper - Essay Example There are similarities between Chinatown, Oakland’s Oak Park, and my birthplace, Thailand. The three racial/ethnic communities prefer congregating in public squares and meeting people (Wong 8). The Chinatown communities aggregate in Portsmouth Park and Oak Park to exchange pleasantries. Similarly Thai people exchange greetings and stories in their local parts and other public places. People play board games in both Chinatown communities and Thai communities (Subramanian 107). The people of these communities eat food in festive moods. Robert Park states that some ethnic communities use religion to resolve mental health issues as they adjust to the different culture of the host country, while keeping the ethnicity intact (Park, 118). However, there are differences between the first group composed of San Francisco Chinatown community and Oakland Oak Park Chinatown community and the second group of Thai residents. Some of the first group’s communities’ streets are dirty while the Thai communities’ streets are clean. For example, the smell of Portsmouth Park stinks from garbage while Bangkok does have any street garbage, emitting flower-fresh air. Second, there is no order in the first group while strict government control brings order to the Thai community. A visit to both San Francisco Chinatown and Oakland Oak Park shows the people freely throwing litter everywhere. No one takes influential charge of cleaning the garbage. On the other hand, the Thai government hires enough workers to clean the streets of garbage and other eye sores. In terms of space, people in San Francisco Chinatown and Oakland Oak Park are too tightly packed compared Thais living in Bangkok or any Thailand community. The spaces of the apartment rooms have the same size as toilet rooms. On top of that, there are at least 4 people sharing one bedroom

History of the Seventh Day Adventist Church Essay

History of the Seventh Day Adventist Church - Essay Example They stayed awake late into the night, waiting for the Christ and were totally disappointed when the time between sunset and midnight passed and nothing happened. Miller, later in life, realized that miracle is part of spirituality but miracle is not spirituality! This event, since then, is known as the Great Disappointment. Miller served in the American Army in various capacities and later discharged after the war, on June 18, 1815. He, perhaps, had no inkling that more stirring times in the spiritual field awaited him. Miller’s main concern related to question of death and an after-life. Some bitter incidents molded his thinking over this issue. Firstly, his experiences as a soldier; secondly the deaths of his father and sister! What happens to an individual after death?—this bothered him intensely. He concluded two possibilities—annihilation and accountability. â€Å"The inquiring, questioning, restless mind which had begun to reveal itself in early youth was as active as ever. By his own testimony he entered he Army with the hope of find in patriotism one bright spot in a seamy, sinister world. â€Å"But,† he said he, â€Å"two years in service was enough to convince me that I was in error in this thing also. When I left the service I had become completely disgusted wit h man’s public character.†(Nichol, p.9) Miller wobbled between two faiths. Initially, he wished to combine both the faiths, Baptist and Deism. Soon, his involvement in the Baptist church became more intense, and he read sermons during one of the local minister’s frequent absences. During one such religious exercise, on the subject of duties of parents, he happened to relate the topic to the character of a Savior. His emotions led him to the internal search of such a compassionate Being, who has the capacity to save humanity from suffering and penalty of sin. That Being is worth adoration and deserves complete surrender, Miller concluded. But Deism had the upper hand again.

Understanding information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding information - Essay Example A week ago, Merryhall Management Company held a fashion show in the main atrium of its large shopping centre in West London that aimed to promote Merryhall as â€Å"West London Center of Fashion.† This report presents the results and analysis of the data obtained from the 120 completed and collected questionnaires. The statistical data of the results (frequency and descriptive data) are also appended to this report. The fashion show featured a diverse collection of style and trend including â€Å"designer† items for shoppers of all ages and genders. In line with this event, the Merryhall management was interested in ascertaining the fashion products that would appeal to its shoppers, thus distributed questionnaires which gauged the extent to which the fashion show had been of interest to the attendees of the show. In line with this event, the Merryhall management was interested in ascertaining the fashion products that would appeal to its shoppers, thus distributed ques tionnaires which gauged the extent to which the fashion show had been of interest to the attendees of the show. This report presents the results and analysis of the data obtained from the 120 completed and collected questionnaires. The statistical data of the results (frequency and descriptive data) are also appended to this report. Question 1: Shoppers’ Ratings to Different Aspects of the Fashion Show The shoppers were asked about their perception towards five specific aspects of fashion show: (a) quality of the clothes shown; (b) variety of the clothes; (c) staging of the show; (d) modeling of the clothes; and (e) ease of viewing the show. In order to gauge the perception of the 120 respondents, they were asked to gauge each aspect of the event using a four-point rating scale (very good, good, poor, and very poor). In terms of the quality of the clothes featured in the fashion show, 56, or 46.7%, out of the 120 respondents, which make it 46.7 %, said that the featured cloth es were â€Å"very good.† Thirty-five, 29.2%, respondents said the clothes were â€Å"good.† On the other hand, there were a total of 29 respondents, 24.2%, who provided a negative feedback on the clothes shown at the fashion event. Therefore, 75.8% of the shoppers who witnessed the event liked the quality of the featured clothes, and 24.2% of the shoppers said that the clothes shown at the fashion event had poor quality. In terms of variety, majority of the respondents (55.8% or 67 people) said that the variety of the clothes was â€Å"good.† Only 31 respondents, 25.8%, said that the variety of the clothes was â€Å"very good.† Significantly, there were only a small number of the respondents, 22 shoppers, who did not like the variety of the clothes shown at the event. This indicates that the shoppers, at least those who watched the fashion show, liked the selection of clothes that Merryhall presented although most of them were not so intensely enthusiast ic about it. When it comes to staging, again Merryhall received mostly positive feedbacks from the respondents. Forty-two or 35% of the respondents said that the staging was â€Å"very good,† and 63 or 52.5% said that it was â€Å"good.† Still, there were shoppers who did not feel happy about the staging of show but they were very few, 12.5% of the respondents in particular. The modeling of the clothes also received a positive feedback from the shoppers who saw the fashion event. A total of 69 respondents, 57.5%, said that the modeling was â€Å"good,† and only 12 respondents said it was â€Å"very good.† A considerable number of respondents commented on the poor modeling of the clothes during the fashion show. In total, there were 39 respondents who rated the modeling â€Å"

The film Amarcord Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The film Amarcord - Essay Example To celebrate and appreciate this particular fact The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has started giving Academy Awards to the feature films since 1945. ‘Amarcord’ released in the year 1973 is an Italian film which can be distinctively encapsulated in the genre of comedy-drama. The film is directed, produced and written by Academy Award winner Federico Fellini and Tonino Guerra. A seminal work in autobiography, the film Amarcord is a tale that narrates the event of coming-of-age with the combination of bawdy comedy. The film narrates a story casted with untamed characters that are shown residing in the fictional town bearing the name Borgo which is created based upon the actual hometown of Fellini which is Rimini of 1930s under the regime of Fascist Italy. The film stars Magali Noel, Bruno Zanin, Pupella Maggio and Armando Brancia. This film won the Academy Awards for ‘Best Foreign Language Film’ and at the same time, it received nominations for the Best Director and the Best Writing and the Original Screenplay categories. Synopsis of the Story: The Plot The film ‘Amarcord’ is a satire of the di rector Federico Fellini’s youth under the fascist regime in Italy and exhibits a carnivalesque picture of the provincial Italy where the director tries to turn the menial chores of life into a circus constructed with social rituals, desires of the adolescent period, fantasies in male and subterfuge subjected to politics all set within the span of a year against the backdrop of a coastal town reminiscing the period of nineteen thirties. The film presents Titta’s sentimental educational journey throughout the year bearing the emblem of Italy’s â€Å"lapse of conscience†. Fellini draws upon Mussolini’s ridiculous postures along with those of the Catholic Church that captivated the adolescence of the Italian youth for the perpetual frame of time. Fellini does this by mocking himself and the villagers of his village with the allegorical presentation of the comic scenes that bears the actual connotation of their incapability to accept and adopt moral res ponsibility and subsequently they outgrow their sexual fantasies. The Elements of Style The aesthetic perspective of the film is completely attuned with the time and setting that the film projects. The colourful setting of a coastal village is quite convincing. The use of bright colours, loud make-ups and appropriate props are deliberately incorporated to project the merry life of a coastal town during summers. The town is reminiscent of Rimini, but the vibrant colours and bright set-up evoke a feeling of larger-than-life on the silver screen. Music plays a very important role in evoking the true mood of the film. The nostalgic score by Nino Rota and Carlo Savina drives away the audience to the by-gone days and yet the music has the punch and the signature of the nineteen seventies which makes it acceptable with the proper blend of historical elements supportive to the demand of the narrative and the plot of the film. Owing to the demand of the plot, there is more than one story tha t runs parallel within the bigger framework of the film. To synchronise these stories or sub-plots within the single frame is a challenging job and skilful editing of these parallel scenes and plots into a wider perspective would not have been achieved in a better way than Ruggero Mastroianni. The camera work of Fellini and Giuseppe Rotunno is excellent and the neat shots of this film in both the close and distant angels are always commendable. The projection of the sexual fantasies and coming back to the original world need a frequent to and fro camera movement which was accomplished superbly through

How It Affects Economic Growth Essay Example for Free

How It Affects Economic Growth Essay In my opinion, supporting and promoting IT investment is one of the best ways to promote economic growth and stability with minimal side effects such as inflation, and easily overcome hurdles like unequal income distribution. While I don’t think you can really influence people’s personal ownership of computers, I do believe that offering tax incentives for IT investment and development will increase overall GDP, lower unemployment, and ensure an economically stable future. First and foremost, investment towards information technology increases productivity, and makes workers more efficient in what they do. With more resources such as faster word processing, 3D Model Rendering, and instantaneous transfer of data over the internet, laborers in every facet of the economy benefit from technology and enjoy greater productivity as a result. This increase in productivity means more products and services are produced with less time invested, and this means that Gross Domestic Product can go up. Furthermore, GDP is often defined as a function of both Capital and Labor. It is widely acknowledged that GDP growth can be measured by K/L, or Capital divided by Labor. Clearly, then, if each worker is using a higher value of capital (here in the form of fancier computers etc), then GDP is sure to go up. The concern then becomes, â€Å"what about inflation?† Surely, if GDP goes up, inflation will follow, no? Not quite. The accompanying graph gives us a rough idea of why. This increased efficiency will shift the Philips curve inward, meaning that for every unemployment rate, there is less inflation. More IT investment will mean that we will require more service technicians, troubleshooters, software programmers, etc, and we will see unemployment go down. Also, with more children learning about IT, they will also be more likely to get jobs when they grow up. When unemployment goes down, though, we typically see that there are less available â€Å"desperate† workers, and thus workers will have more power to bargain collectively. They will get wage increases, which will be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices on final goods and services. This is offset by increased efficiency, as it takes less worker hours to make those products and services. As the Philips curve below shows us, the decrease in unemployment WOULD cause higher inflation, but because of increased efficiency, this change in inflation is offset. It is important to note the short run and long run effects of tax incentives on both the macro and micro levels. Here is a graph to get us started: We know that in the short run Demand shifts out as IT becomes more and more necessary. Supply shifts out because manufacturing costs go down, and thus existing firms will produce more at every price. These reductions to cost shift MC and ATC down; we don’t’ know how much each of these shifts is, though. We don’t know what P2 is, but we know that costs go down, so there is abnormal short term profit, and we know that each firm is going to produce more. In the long run, more firms will enter (shifting supply out further) until each player in the market is operating at their lowest cost on the ATC curve, which is the point where long run profits are equal to 0. We know that long run market quantity is greater because there are more firms in the industry, and we know that each firm produces in the long run what it did before all the shifts. Each firm is producing more in the short run than in the long run. Assuming that the government offers tax incentives to BOTH SUPPLIERS AND BUYERS of IT, we can expect to see the same demand shifts and supply shifts as we did in the 90s, when demand shifted out and the cost to produce came down. The tax rebates to suppliers means a reduction of cost (same as in the last example) and the tax rebates to buyers will make the price they have to pay lower, which will increase demand. One of the few drawbacks to the subsequent increased IT spending, of course, is the negative effect on the environment, as computers become obsolete quickly and are usually just thrown out. In my opinion, the environmental effect is definitely a huge drawback to increased IT investment. I believe that the government should give further incentives to companies who donate old or â€Å"B-stock† products to schools (preferably those in bad areas) or charities when they buy new ones . Donating these slightly flawed or last-year-model computers to schools would be an investment in human capital, which would increase GDP in future generations, as children become more tech savvy and productive with computers. Since the government is reducing the cost of production with tax incentives, I think they could get away by contrasting these incentives with slightly stricter environmental regulations as far as waste goes. They should set requirements on the packaging (which is created solely to be thrown out) that comes with IT goods, and should give even more incentives to companies that collect and recycle re-usable components such as circuit boards, plastic cases, and semiconductors – all components that are not biodegradable and are a large part of the junk filling our nation’s landfills. Another set of short and long term effects you must consider is the effect of tax incentives on those already involved in the market: IT workers. Again, we have a graph to help us visualize these effects. For this discussion, because of inflation, we must assume that we are talking in terms of real dollars, and that these wage prices are adjusted for inflation. In the 1980’s (short run), as IT became more important to industry, we see the demand curve for IT work shift outward, causing an increase in price and quantity as more qualified people started doing IT. In the long run, more competitors enter and the number of CS majors doubles; supply shifts outward, but we’re not sure by how much. We know that real wages go back down, but we don’t know if they are above, at, or below the original prices. We just know that they are decreasing, and that the overall quantity is much higher. The last major concern would be the â€Å"Digital Divide† – the concept that low income families do not use computers and thus are isolated from their potential benefits. This â€Å"digital divide† essentially means that poorer families have less access to the computer and tech skills to compete in the modern job industry, such as word processing and online research. They also have less access to online educational resources, and thus have less human capital. This means they are less likely to rise out of poverty, and are at a disadvantage. Those fortunate enough to be able to afford computers internet access will get more educated and richer, and those who are not fortunate enough get poorer. I personally am against racial discrimination in all forms, and I think targeting out minorities and saying â€Å"here, you need a computer† is wrong. I do, believe, however, that there should be some sort of program to give less fortunate children of all ethnicities the IT skills and access to computers that they will need to function in the modern labor market. This is where my idea of offering tax incentives to companies that donate â€Å"last year model† computers to charities or schools in bad neighborhoods could really benefit these people and help them accumulate human capital. I think that offering tax incentives to people who put computers in their home will be too difficult to manage, and I also think that in many cases, people without the means to get a good job (no technical background) will not be able to afford a computer either way – thus, it’s a vicious cycle. Additionally, I think people who can’t afford $40/mo for DSL are in this predicament because they don’t have technical skills, and thus, probably don’t value technology as much as they should. They probably still won’t be interested in broadband. I think the president’s broadband initiative should focus more on getting faster internet and more technical training into schools, so that the next generation, who still has the desire and patience to learn about computers, can do so at an early age. Overall, you can see that there is a long list of benefits, and a short list of easily overcome problems with increased investment. In fact, even the Fed benefits. Normally, increased investment would make the Fed have to increase interest rates to prevent inflation and â€Å"cool off† the economy. IT is unique, however, in that it also provides greater efficiency, thus shifting the curve as discussed earlier. I would argue that it makes the Fed’s job easier – it’s promotes economic growth and employment, without jeopardizing economic stability. All in all, I say that giving tax incentives to producers and suppliers of IT goods and services is a great plan!

What is penal welfarism? Garlands theory.

What is penal welfarism? Garlands theory. What is penal welfarism? Evaluate the impact it has had on juvenile justice reform in the UK from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present. In order to evaluate the impact of penal welfarism upon juvenile justice reform, the concept will be defined with reference to Garland (2001). The contributing societal factors to the emergence of penal welfarism in juvenile justice reform will then be assessed. The practical and legal achievements of penal welfarism in the juvenile justice system will be identified. Challenges to penal welfarism will be outlined, with particular reference to alternate conceptions of youth justice and criminality. The demise of the penal welfarism approach will be assessed, with specific reference to the motivating societal factors and comparison between the Welsh, English and Scottish juvenile justice systems. Penal welfarism as defined by Garland (2001) as a structural response to crime that is composed of two ideological standpoints. Due process and proportionate punishment, with their inherent liberal ideologies, ensure that all the rights of the juvenile offender are respected. The punishment is fitting to the crime and the circumstances of the juvenile offender. Rehabilitation and offender welfare are approached from a correctionalist viewpoint. This entails that the punishment served by the offender maintains a focus upon the rehabilitation of the offender, as does the approach of professionals who work with the offender during the punishment period. In short, penal welfarism suggests that rehabilitation will be most effective if the offender is provided with positive motivation while in the care of the penal reform system. The logic behind the practice is that if the offender is provided with the opportunity to progress in the penal institution, they will wish to continue to do so w hen released back into society. The notion of penal welfarism is derived from applying the practicalities of the welfarism ideology to the penal system. The welfarism concept asserts that policy requires evaluation in terms of its consequences (Kaplow Shavell, 2002). This assessment is most frequently made using a utilitarian approach, i.e. the usefulness of the approach in question. The logical application of this concept to the penal system dictates that policy regarding offender treatment should be assessed in terms of offender rehabilitation, i.e. the offender will not repeatedly offend upon release and as a result society will be safer. The focus is upon the usefulness of the punishment, i.e. its resulting benefit to society and improvement of personal conditions. Therefore penal welfarism maintains a focus on respecting the rights of the individual and maintaining a rehabilitative approach as this is deemed to be the most beneficial approach for both the offender and for society. The formation and application of penal welfarism to juvenile justice reform is interrelated with the emergence of a welfare state at the turn of the 20th century (Garland, 2002). The welfare state was implemented by the Liberal government in order to meet demands to negate social insecurity while protecting free trade and a capitalist economy (Daunton, 2007). The emergence of free trade had resulted in increased unemployment and harsher social conditions for those at the lower end of the pay spectrum. However, free trade and capitalism were deemed as models that required protection. Therefore pensions, health services and other such welfare services were centralized and nationalized to ensure that these individuals would be protected in the capitalist state. Garland (2002) identifies these welfare systems as being rooted in ideologies of protection and integration, so that even the most disadvantaged members of society are protected by the welfare state. Out of this ideology was born penal welfarism for juvenile justice. As these social and economical reforms based taxation upon the basis of the individual workers rather than according to the class system (Leonard, 2003), each member of society was treated upon the basis of individual circumstance, in theory dispelling the class system. Therefore, within the penal system for juvenile justice, individualism arose where the rights and rehabilitation of each offender was considered. The main legal and practical development in respect to penal welfarism was the separation of individuals under the age of 21 from adults in the justice system. In light of the requirement to individualize and respect the rights of each juvenile offender, juvenile courts were officially established by the Children Act 1908 (Goldson Muncie, 2008). In addition to this, corrective Borstals were created for juveniles under the age of 21. Individuals could be sentenced to a period in such an institution for between one and three years. It was considered that these institutions were to focus on rehabilitation of the juvenile, and the training of the juvenile to be re-integrated with society upon their release (Muncie, 2006). The role of the juvenile justice system was further defined by the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (Ikin, 1933). This Act entailed the reorganization of reform schools so that they provided education to offenders; and training so that they may find employment upon completion of their sentence. Furthermore capital punishment for any offender below the age of 18 was abolished by the Act. Issues of anonymity were also covered (Ikin, 1933). The media were and are able to report the name of an adult offender if it was deemed to serve public interests. However, the identity of juvenile offenders was protected by the law. The penal welfarism approach to juvenile justice was criticized on both economical and ideological grounds. Economically, this system, and the welfare system in general, was criticized as being born out of fear of free trade and the emergence of corporations as the dominant financial players in society (Platt, 2002). Increased spending on the welfare system and individualist taxation were contributing factors to this. Ideologically, the concept has been challenged with reference to the societal conception of crime reformation and with reference to the individual in the system. In terms of the latter, it is the goal of reformation that is problematic. For example, Hudson (2002) outlines institutional sexism that was apparent in the penal welfarism definitions of rehabilitation. Discrepancies in the social moral code that must be adhered to by males and females highlighted unfairness in the treatment of females in this system. While rehabilitation of the male juvenile offender focused on the criminal act, female rehabilitation focused much more strongly on personal and sexual behaviour within society. In terms of societal conceptions of crime, it has been argued that viewing the juvenile as on a linear path through deviance (diversion) may be more effective in terms of negating re-offending (Austin Krisberg, 2002). Furthermore, re-defining what is considered a criminal act, for example, the redefinition of drug use as a social as opposed to a criminal problem; may result in a more effective approach to the problem in comparison to penal welfarism (Austin Krisberg, 2002). After a period of a Labour government working to enhance the ideology of care for the juvenile offender in the 1960s; the penal welfarism approach began to decline when the Conservatives came to power in the 1970 General Election (Smith, 2007). It was considered that the judicial and welfare aspects had become disjointed, and the focus began to grow upon the judicial proceedings of the system. This is evident by the significant increase in the number of juveniles receiving custodial sentences in the 1970s (Rutter Giller, 1983). The ideology increasingly narrowed onto punishment and control (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002) throughout the 1980s, especially in England and Wales. The issue of juvenile crime was focused onto the victims, with the criminals perpetrated as depraved (Jones, 1994). Echoes of this can be seen in present day society where hooded teenagers are feared by adult society (for an example of this see MacLean, 2008). Importantly, the Criminal Justice Act 1991 brought in a s eparation of systems, one to deal with juveniles requiring judicial attention, and one for those in need of welfare provision (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002). While England and Wales fully segregated these two systems, Scottish practices of juvenile justice policies maintained a higher level of communication between the two approaches. However, societal moral panics regarding serious youth crime and repeat offending has created a concern that juvenile offenders are not aware of the impact of their actions (Jones, 1994). This could possibly be related to the breakdown of community. These concerns have paved the way for a juvenile justice ideology that is based upon restorative justice as set out by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002). Penal welfarism refers to a system that presents positive motivations for juvenile offenders to develop while in the penal system. The concept arose with the birth of the welfare state. Penal welfarism resulted in the segregation of juveniles from adults in the judicial process, the eradication of capital punishment for juveniles and anonymity of juvenile offenders from the media. As a concept, it was challenged for the welfare state’s impact upon free trade. It was also challenged by its characterisation of the juvenile offender; diversion and decriminalisation were offered as alternate ideologies. The concept demised with the segregation of welfare and judicial proceedings for adolescents. Societal factors for this include a fear of the juvenile offender. This has led to a focus on restorative justice which is implemented in juvenile reform today. References Austin, J., Krisberg, B. (2002). Wider, stronger and different nets: the dialects of criminal justice reform. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Daunton, M. (2007). Wealth and Welfare: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1851-1951). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Garland, D. (2001). The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garland, D. (2002). Penal strategies in a welfare state. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Geisthorpe, L., Morris, A. (2002). Restorative Youth Justice: the last vestiges of welfare? In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Goldson, B., Muncie, J. (2008). Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Hudson, A. (2002). ‘Troublesome girls’: Towards alternative definitions and policies. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Ikin, A.E. (1933). Children and Young Persons Act, 1933: Being the Text of the Statute together with Explanatory Notes. London: Sir I. Pitman and Sons. Jones, M. (1994). Images and reality: Juvenile crime, youth violence and public policy. London: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Kaplow, L., Shavell, S. (2002). Fairness versus Welfare.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Leonard, M. (2003). Promoting Welfare? Government Information Policy and Social Citizenship. Bristol: Policy Press. MacLean, D. (2008). New hoodies are a yob’s dream. The Shields Gazette, 9th August. Muncie, J. (2006). From Borstal to YOI. In Y. Jewkes H. Johnston (Eds.) Prison Readings. Devon: Willan Publishing. Platt, A. (2002). The triumph of benevolence: the origins of the juvenile system in the United States. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rutter, M., Giller, H. (1983). Juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives. New York: Guilford Publications. Smith, R. (2007). Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice. Devon: Willan Publishing.