The Use of Flashback in Kenneth Branaghs Henry V Essay -- Film, Movie

The Use of Flashback in Kenneth Branagh's Henry V Â In Kenneth Branagh's film adjustment of William Shakespeare's Henry V flashback is utilized at key minutes to remark on the activity and to clarify focuses from before, and how that past impacts his current judgment. Certain scenes and lines are acquired from parts one and two of Shakespeare's Henry IV to do this. The outcome is an amalgam of scenes, lines, and characters which achieves a telling uncover of Henry V, and the man he was before turning out to be lord of England. Flashback is utilized in this adjustment legitimately, to set up key focuses and players throughout Henry's life, just as in a less immediate way, coming through in his present activities, to show his power, what that way to him and why. The underlying flashback scene shows a memory of Pistol's concerning Sir John Falstaff (depicted by on-screen character Robbie Coltrane). The flashback happens while Falstaff is on his deathbed, and his residual companions mourn his looming misfortune. Branagh gives Pistol a line of Falstaff's, depicting Falstaff in his own words as A goodly, stout man, in confidence, (1 Henry IV. II. iv. 421), evidently to build up Falstaff as the all around cherished character he is by all accounts in the Branagh film. Falstaff is appeared as the sprightly buffoon in this flashback, and not under any condition as the hazardous, fiendishness making backstabber he is in the writings, themselves. Branagh centers around the feeling of Falstaff, to show his dismissal as a terrible one. It is in this flashback that the crowd sees the Machiavellian seeds being sewn in Prince Hal's character as he demonstrates his eagerness to exile valiant Jack Falstaff, anyway it isn't indicated where these seeds origina ted from. Falstaff exhorts his young companion not to exile him f... ...am Shakespeare's Henry V, Branagh utilizes flashback in more than one approach to retell the exemplary story of King Henry V. Both in real, and inferred flashback Branagh shows the genuine character of Henry, alongside what makes him the ruler that he is and what gets him to this point in his life. The side-effects of the adaptation of Falstaff, and the denunciation of Bardolph, combined with the novel gander at Henry's picture of his dad gives the crowd an altogether different glance at this biography, yet one which is in any case exact, and engaging. Works Cited Henry V. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. The Samuel Goldwyn Company, 1989. Kliman, Bernice W. Branagh's Henry V: Allusion and Illusion. Shakespeare on Film Newsletter. 14.1 (Dec. 1989): 1+. Shaw, William P. Literary Ambiguities and Cinematic Certainties in Henry V. Literature Film Quarterly. 22.2 (1994): 117-28.

Teacher Satisfaction and Student Academic Achievement Essay

Instructor Satisfaction and Student Academic Achievement - Essay Example It is a blended report that was led to increase a superior comprehension of the convictions and mentalities of instructors concerning work fulfillment from the perspective of little school region educators. It is an examination that endeavors to see all the more unmistakably the components and proportional impacts that influence instructor work fulfillment, especially with regards to the activity of little schools, personnel steadiness, homegrown and transplanted educators, instructor quality, and the connection between educator work fulfillment and understudy accomplishment. There is general accord that little locale schools exist in a one of a kind situation when contrasted with the parity of different sorts of schools in state funded training (Anschutz, 1987, Arnold, 2005, Belsie, 2003). Little area schools work working under similar laws and with practically identical desires and objectives as their urban and rural partners, however missing of a similar amount or nature of help and assets accessible from the school's focal association or the nearby network. At last, it stays a school area's obligation to give quality and fitting training to the young people of their locale. To achieve this, educators are the fundamental vehicles that set the atmosphere, offer support, and convey the educational plans that understudies require, in quest for effectively meeting the desires set by state and government enactment, just as the nearby organization, paying little mind to the working state of the region. Reliably, the most important and available assets situated inside a school region are the school personnel. Regardless of having educators as an effectively accessible asset, schools frequently do exclude instructors as an asset at the levels wanted or expected by

Swag I mean, Career Fair

Swag I mean, Career Fair What I acquired from the MIT Career fair last Thursday: 29 pens 21 mechanical pencils (16 mechanical, 5 wood) More than 10 flash drives 21 t-shirts 2 cell phone cleaning pads 15 LED flashlights 6 Rubik’s cubes 4 decks of cards 1 poker set, with 4 colors of chips Computer mouse with retractable cord, which doesn’t seem to work Headphones with retractable cord, which I haven’t tested 8 tote bags 11 sharpies (7 mini and colorful, 4 retractable) Hand sanitizer Laundry detergent 3 rubber ducks More candy than a mildly aggressive trick-or-treater usually bags Countless other pins, stickers, foam footballs, ping pong balls, yoyos, bottle openers, sunglasses, cozies And my personal favorite, a wind-up boogie robot I just recently sorted, organized, and inventoried all of this swag, which had formerly been occupying nearly 70% of the floor space in my room. It’s now in cups on the desk, hanging from a carabiner on a nail, displayed on the ledge around my room, hidden in a desk drawer, or (in most cases) shoved into a bag which was subsequently shoved under the bed. I can see the floor of my room, for the first time in days! What I did not acquire at the MIT Career fair: A job. Yes, usually the point of a career fair is to collect job prospects, not swag. In the conventional sense, my priorities were screwed up. However, to continue with the list-y theme of this post, there are three reasons I used the career fair for the bags upon bags of swag: Conventional wisdom from upperclassmen indicated that for freshmen, there’s not much point other than swag, unless you want a summer internship. Even then, apparently companies are more interested in sophomores or juniors. I do not have a resume. The last time I took a look at everything I’ve done and organized it into a form I could show to other people, it was for college applications. I don’t think the things that convinced the MIT admissions office I was MIT material are the same things that will convince a company like Microsoft or Google that I am summer-internship material. I already have 3 jobs! What do I want with a fourth one? (For the curious: my first job, as I’ve said, is teaching SATPrep. I also work as a math class assistant/grader for www.artofproblemsolving.com. I’m doing the third job right now: blogging for MIT admissions!) Even though I didn’t get, or even attempt to get, a job, I learned a lot at the career fair. Many of the companies were either software-development firms, who wanted course 6 (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science) or 18-C (Math with Computer Science) majors. There were also a lot of trading firms. I was really surprised when I saw a booth for Pixar there. I’ve always known Pixar as a fantastic company that produces such wonders as Finding Nemo and Toy Story, but it had never occurred to me that it’s run by real people! People who may have gone to MIT and gotten a job at the career fair! Also in attendance on the employers’ side was the CIA. Like several of the companies, the CIA had its own information session later in the evening. Some people from my hall couldn’t resist, and went appropriately dressed: Shades? Check. Trench coat? Check. Pink hair? You bet!

Swag I mean, Career Fair

Swag I mean, Career Fair What I acquired from the MIT Career fair last Thursday: 29 pens 21 mechanical pencils (16 mechanical, 5 wood) More than 10 flash drives 21 t-shirts 2 cell phone cleaning pads 15 LED flashlights 6 Rubik’s cubes 4 decks of cards 1 poker set, with 4 colors of chips Computer mouse with retractable cord, which doesn’t seem to work Headphones with retractable cord, which I haven’t tested 8 tote bags 11 sharpies (7 mini and colorful, 4 retractable) Hand sanitizer Laundry detergent 3 rubber ducks More candy than a mildly aggressive trick-or-treater usually bags Countless other pins, stickers, foam footballs, ping pong balls, yoyos, bottle openers, sunglasses, cozies And my personal favorite, a wind-up boogie robot I just recently sorted, organized, and inventoried all of this swag, which had formerly been occupying nearly 70% of the floor space in my room. It’s now in cups on the desk, hanging from a carabiner on a nail, displayed on the ledge around my room, hidden in a desk drawer, or (in most cases) shoved into a bag which was subsequently shoved under the bed. I can see the floor of my room, for the first time in days! What I did not acquire at the MIT Career fair: A job. Yes, usually the point of a career fair is to collect job prospects, not swag. In the conventional sense, my priorities were screwed up. However, to continue with the list-y theme of this post, there are three reasons I used the career fair for the bags upon bags of swag: Conventional wisdom from upperclassmen indicated that for freshmen, there’s not much point other than swag, unless you want a summer internship. Even then, apparently companies are more interested in sophomores or juniors. I do not have a resume. The last time I took a look at everything I’ve done and organized it into a form I could show to other people, it was for college applications. I don’t think the things that convinced the MIT admissions office I was MIT material are the same things that will convince a company like Microsoft or Google that I am summer-internship material. I already have 3 jobs! What do I want with a fourth one? (For the curious: my first job, as I’ve said, is teaching SATPrep. I also work as a math class assistant/grader for www.artofproblemsolving.com. I’m doing the third job right now: blogging for MIT admissions!) Even though I didn’t get, or even attempt to get, a job, I learned a lot at the career fair. Many of the companies were either software-development firms, who wanted course 6 (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science) or 18-C (Math with Computer Science) majors. There were also a lot of trading firms. I was really surprised when I saw a booth for Pixar there. I’ve always known Pixar as a fantastic company that produces such wonders as Finding Nemo and Toy Story, but it had never occurred to me that it’s run by real people! People who may have gone to MIT and gotten a job at the career fair! Also in attendance on the employers’ side was the CIA. Like several of the companies, the CIA had its own information session later in the evening. Some people from my hall couldn’t resist, and went appropriately dressed: Shades? Check. Trench coat? Check. Pink hair? You bet!

Haitis Slave Rebellion Prompted the Louisiana Purchase

A slave rebellion in Haiti helped the United States double in size at the beginning of the 19th century. The uprising in what was a French colony at the time had an unexpected repercussion when the leaders of France decided to abandon plans for an empire in the Americas. Part of Frances profound change of plans was the decision by the French government to sell an enormous parcel of land, the Louisiana Purchase, to the United States in 1803.   Haitis Slave Rebellion In the 1790s the nation of Haiti was known as Saint Domingue, and it was a colony of France. Producing coffee, sugar, and indigo, Saint Domingue was a very profitable colony, but at considerable cost in human suffering. The majority of people in the colony were slaves brought from Africa, and many of them were literally worked to death within years of arriving in the Carribean. A slave rebellion, which broke out in 1791, gained momentum and was largely successful. In the mid-1790s the British, who were at war with France, invaded and seized the colony, and an army of former slaves eventually drove out the British. The leader of the former slaves, Toussaint lOuverture, established relations with the United States and Britain. Saint Domingue at that point was essentially an independent nation, free from European control. Toussaint LOuverture. Getty Images The French Sought to Reclaim Saint Domingue The French, in time, chose to reclaim their colony. Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a military expedition of 20,000 men to Saint Domingue. Toussaint lOuverture was taken prisoner and jailed in France, where he died. The French invasion ultimately failed. Military defeats and an outbreak of yellow fever doomed Frances attempts to retake the colony. The new leader of the slave revolt, Jean Jacque Dessalines, declared Saint Domingue to be an independent nation on January 1, 1804. The nations new name was Haiti, in honor of a native tribe. Thomas Jefferson Had Wanted to Buy the City of New Orleans While the French were in the process of losing their grip on Saint Domingue, President Thomas Jefferson was trying to purchase the city of New Orleans from the French. Though France claimed much of the land west of the Mississippi River, Jefferson had only really been interested in purchasing the seaport at the mouth of the Mississippi. Napoleon Bonaparte had been interested in Jeffersons offer to purchase New Orleans. But the loss of the Frances most profitable colony made Napoleons government begin to think it wasnt worth the effort it would take to hold on to the vast tract of land that is now the American Midwest. When Frances finance minister suggested that Napoleon should offer to sell Jefferson all the French holdings west of the Mississippi, the emperor agreed. And so Thomas Jefferson, who had been interested in buying a city, was offered the chance to buy enough land that the United States would instantly double in size. Jefferson made all the necessary arrangements, got approval from Congress, and in 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Purchase. The actual transfer took place on December 20, 1803. The French had other reasons to sell the Louisiana Purchase besides their loss of Saint Domingue. One persistent concern was that the British, invading from Canada, could eventually seize all the territory anyway. But it is fair to say that France would not have been prompted to sell the land to the United States when they did had they not lost their prized colony of Saint Domingue. The Louisiana Purchase, of course, contributed enormously to the westward expansion of the United States and the era of Manifest Destiny. Haitis Chronic Poverty Is Rooted in the 19th Century Incidentally, the French, in the 1820s, did try once again to take back Haiti. France did not reclaim the colony, but it did force the small nation of Haiti to pay reparations for land which French citizens had forfeited during the rebellion. Those payments, with interest added, crippled the Haitian economy throughout the 19th century, which meant that Haiti was forced to endure miserable poverty. The nation was never able to fully develop as an independent nation due to its crippling debts. To this day Haiti is the most impoverished nation in the Western Hemisphere, and the countrys very troubled financial history is rooted in the payments it was making to France going back to the 19th century.

Compare and Contrast the Strategies of War Planning and...

There are a many similarities between military and business planning. The definitions of military and business planning are similar and/or have the same core processes--although they may be called something different. The Army defines planning â€Å"as a continuous process in preparation for future assigned or assumed tasks.† Further, â€Å"[planning] involves a detailed and systematic examination of all aspects of contemplated operations.† An additional business definition of planning includes, â€Å"defining the ends to be achieved and determining appropriate means to achieve the defined ends.† Another business definition states, â€Å"defining organizational goals and proposing ways to reach them.† Although, if you take the definitions apart you†¦show more content†¦General George Washington said war must be carried on by, â€Å"Men of Character actuated by Principles of Honor.† Further, but with continued attention on ethi cal considerations and the vision of the leader, the second element of leadership (planning for either business or military) is professional skills. Professional skills include conceptual, competency, and communications. The conceptual skill involves the ability to develop processes or ideas and make decisions. Many believe that creativity, generation of novel ideas, is the first step in the innovation process. In addition to creativity there must be some semi-scientific decision making process. A part of the decision making process should be forecasting. â€Å"Forecasting involves projecting or estimating future events or conditions in an organization’s environment...primarily external factors beyond the organization’s control.† Further, much of the decision making process includes intuition. Intuition skills are those quick and ready insights which come from being prepared, from study, and from concentration on critical issues.† Therefore, t his conceptual skill is one of the significant differences in the purpose of the military training program, not only for the top leadership, but training at all levels of the military. 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Oppression and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender...

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Oppression Generations ago, the United States was a country of the male wardrobe. Todays movements for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community are leveraging the existence of more globalized and open systems. Besides, the promotion of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population have been acknowledged through smart partnerships within conventional, political and economic scene, while the males and heterosexuals are still pervasive. Beyond the simple justice to give this element of equal rights to lesbians and gays, the legalization of gay marriage in selected states reflects a change in attitudes in society towards LGBT people and is a positive factor in†¦show more content†¦Recognized figures reveal their sexual orientation in public and in films and on television homosexual characters are depicted (Anderssen Ytteroy, 2002). Despite these advances in the American mainstream, lesbians, gays and bisexuals continue to face discrimination in all areas of life. No federal law prevents a person from being dismissed or denied a job based on their sexual orientation. In different dimensions, the battle continues to gain equality by exercising their human rights. However, there are powerful beings in society that want to reverse the fighting and return to the past. Though progress has been made regarding a degree of acceptance for the LGBT population, they will continue to fight against discrimination and th e persecution of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender individuals. There remains a battle that lies ahead. Gay and Lesbian research is inquiry that focuses on the lives, experiences, and meanings of those who are socially identified as lesbians; this identity label is temporal, culturally determined, and socially constructed. 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Martin Luther King And Mass Media Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King And Mass Media Essay Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Mass MediaMartin Luther King Jr. was a very significant and influential man. Though his life was cut short at 39 years old, he left a big mark on todays society. From the Prayer Pilgrimage of May 17, 1957, an event and a date that marked Kings entr?e into the field of national Negro leadership to the unforgettable March on Washington. (Bennett 10) King was determined to reach his goal, which was to have blacks and whiter united and treated equally. King was faced with many obstacles, including the press. At first, there was hardly any print about Kings events and protests. When the events did get recognition Kings name wasnt mentioned at all. Not until many years later when the protests sparked violence and death was Kings name mentioned and even then, it was used in negative way. In this paper, I will discuss how the news magazines Time, Newsweek, and the U.S. News went about distorting, neglecting, and eventually praising King and his events. In order to help understand the Civil Rights Movement and it controversy you have to start at the beginning. On the way home from work as a seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a Montgomery City Line bus. When asked to give up her seat for a white passenger Rosa Parks refused. The bus driver left his seat and summoned the police. The police officer arrested Rosa Parks for violating the cities segregation ordinances. ( Bennett 59) Rosa Parks arrest sparked a one-day boycott that stretched out to 382 days. That event started the Civil Rights movement and changed the spirit of Martin Luther Kings, Jr. Time magazine was the first of the newsmagazines to pick up the story of the bus boycott. (Lentz 26) Newsweek didnt print the story until five months after it happened. In addition, not until then did Kings name was mentioned by it or Time. Neither King nor the cause grabbed the attention of U.S. News World Report. What they did report was how disturbed the southerners were over the population shift in Montgomery that seemed to be leading to black control. (Lentz 28 ) With the bus boycott in full swing merchants were loosing millions of dollars and white housewives were having to drive their black maids around, whose services they didnt want to loose. With people, complaining the Montgomery government stepped in. While the court was scheduled to hear the city governments petition to stop the bus boycott, the Supreme Court stepped in. A message came down form the Supreme Court striking down the motion that the bus segregation ordinance as unconstitutional. When this was heard a joyful bystander stated God Almighty has spoken from Washington D.C. (Lentz 31) After Kings victory, there was almost nothing in Newsweek and Time. Not until 382 days after the bus boycott began, did Time and Newsweek report on the event. Both ma gazines predicted that the black victory would be accepted by whites. (Lentz 31) This later proved untrue. Snipers fired shots at buses and the homes of black ministers were bombed, as were black churches. Kings first arrest after trying to enter a crowed courtroom where another Negro integration leader was testifying put his face in Newsweek. A photograph showing policeman handling King roughly, appeared in Newsweek. The caption noted Alabama arrests a Negro minister on a loitering charge. (Lucaitis 27) Not even mentioning Kings name. In the late summer of 1962, King decided to launch a series of demonstrations in Birmingham. The demonstrations lead to wide spread violence. White police officers with K-9 dogs invaded the march and arrests were made. King was one of the demonstrators arrested. .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .postImageUrl , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:visited , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:active { border:0!important; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:active , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compassion vs Insensitivity EssayTime, Newsweek, and U.S. News World Report would find themselves forced to write about the events in Birmingham. U.S. News would be forced into the all-together awkward position of having to account for the brutal and open violence black demonstrators, especially children, that the entire world had seen.(Lentz 78) Time and Newsweek would recall the Birmingham campaign as a crusade for freedom. (Lentz 78) When reporting about Birmingham, Newsweek entertained doubts. The journal chose terms, siege, army, generals, and recruiting troops, -that spoke of invasion and military. (Lentz 80) Newsweek also criticized Kings timing of the demonstratio ns. Kings problems were not limited to criticism from Newsweek and Time. Unexpectedly his movement was running out of steam. King and colleges set out on a march in order to force police to arrest them. They were taken into custody and jailed. The headlines of Newsweek and Time were unchanged as King campaign continued. The best example of how the papers chose to ignore King was after one of his many arrests. Following the arrests of King, President Kennedy called Kings wife to express his concern and to tell her that she would be hearing from her husband. Recognizing a good stroke of publicity, King instructed his wife to get word of the telephone call to the SCLC for an announcement to reporters. No mention of the call appeared in Newsweek and Time, which was odd, considering Kennedy was the nations most visible news maker.(Lentz 84) The turning point came when King recruited Birminghams school children, most of them teenagers. He had sent them on marches downtown. Before nightfal l, thousands were jailed. During the marches police officers chose to use billy clubs, police dogs, and fire hoses. More than 250 journalists, from America and many of the nations of Europe and Asia, covered the story.(Lentz 84) Time, for example, described the scene as, police against children, dogs against humans, whites against blacks.(Lentz 87)The U.S. News described King as a sinister and a ruthless leader Helping to mastermind the Birmingham protest and promising to add demonstrations in a city that already had enough violence. Fireman doused the children with high-pressure hoses. Many were sent sprawling across the pavement. There were screams as the water streams hit the people. The crowd surged forward again, and was hit by another blast of water. Police brought dogs, let them lose on long leashes. Officers on motorcycles chased Negros back into the churches and used nightsticks on stragglers.(U.S. News World Report 8) The reports made by Time were masterfully understated. The high-pressure hoses lacked the power, to strip bark from a tree, and there use was justified by the notation and the crowd surged forward twice. Only one policeman used a nightstick and that was merely to just prod stragglers. Dogs were employed but carefully, on long leashes, and dogs and demonstrators did not even meet.(Lentz 86-87) The March on Washington was the one event that united millions of blacks without violence and caught the eye of the world. It was also the place where Kings now famous speech I have a dream? originated. That speech caught the mood of the event. Time and Newsweek reported the March as a rite of national idealism. Kings popularity rose with Time because his oratory was catching, dramatic, inspirational; He became the Civil Rights Leader who holds the heat of most American Negros in his hand.(Lentz 104) Four months after the march Time magazine was the first to print the entirety of Kings I have a dream?speech. U.S. News described King as a false prophet and a dangerous radical who preached the necessity of social disruption, and increasing militancy throughout the nation.(Lentz 118)Time selected King as Man of the Year. Time said King was selected As a man- but also as the representative of his people for whom 1963 was perhaps the most important year in their history.(Bennett 118) King was also honored by receiving the Noble Peace Prize on December 10, 1964. He was the twelfth American and third Negro to win this prize. In conclusion, the victories and failures of Martin Luther King, Jr. were many. In the beginning, Time maga zine had refused to write about King and his demonstrations. Reluctantly writing about his arrests and the Birmingham riots. Newsweek wrote negatively about King and the Birmingham riots. Stating that it was almost military like, and that King had asked for violence by letting teenagers protest. After the Washington March, Time and Newsweek reported the event in a positive mind frame. In the end, Time made King its Man of the Year. The U.S. News had called King Ruthless and Sinister and all throughout Kings career, U.S. News hardly printed anything positive. As you can see King gained popularity, Time and Newsweek gradually showed interest in his message. Their articles helped King gain support from political figures, and citizens with their controversial headlines. Martin Luther King, Jr. was and still is a very important figure in our society today. There is no doubt that Americas mass media helped place King there.

Advances in Automobile Emission Control Techniques Essay Example

Advances in Automobile Emission Control Techniques Paper Contents: Abstract Introduction Types of emissions a) Tailpipe emissions b) Evaporative emissions 4. Emission standards 5. Need to control emissions 6. Emission Testing Procedures 7. Emission control techniques I. Tailpipe emission control techniques i) Increasing engine efficiency by Electronic Ignition, Fuel injection†¦ ii) Increasing vehicle efficiency ii) Increasing driving efficiency iv) Cleaning up the emissions by Air Injection, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Catalytic Converter, Spark Optimizer II. Evaporative emission control techniques a) By capturing vented vapors b) Reducing refueling losses 8. Latest advances in control of emissions from automobiles I. Nasa’s laser technology II. Alcohols in diesel engines III. Fuel cell vehicles IV. Electric vehicles 9. Conclusion 10. Reference ABSTRACT In many urban areas, automobile transportation accounts for the majority of smog-forming emissions, and air pollution control legislation continues to spur the research and development of lower-emission automobiles. A study was conducted to explore the techniques for the control of exhaust emissions from automobiles. The study concludes by suggesting principles for making zero-emission vehicle policy by the development of technology for laser technology based vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, battery-powered electric vehicles, and the future effectiveness of policies to control emissions from gasoline vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on Advances in Automobile Emission Control Techniques specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Advances in Automobile Emission Control Techniques specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Advances in Automobile Emission Control Techniques specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer INTRODUCTION Exhaust pollution originates inside an engine’s cylinder, where the mixture of air and gasoline is rapidly bounded. The head from combustion creates a high pressure, pushing the piston to produce the mechanical energy that moves the car . If the fuel is perfectly burned, the only by products would be water vapor and CO2. CO2 is non-toxic although it does cause global warming. Combustion is never perfect, and as a result, harmful pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and carbon monoxide (CO) are created. Types of Emissions The Emissions produced by a vehicle fall into two basic categories: a) Tailpipe emissions b) Evaporative emissions Tailpipe Emissions: I. Hydro carbons (HC): These are emitted because of incomplete gasoline combustion, these combine with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ground-level oxygen, a major component of smog and has adverse health effects. II. NITROGEN OXIDES (NOx): Under the high pressure and temperature conditions in an engine, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the air react to form various nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides like HC are precursors to the formation of ozone. They also contribute to the formation of acid rain. III. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO): Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion and occurs when carbon in the fuel is partially oxidized rather than fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. It causes serious, possibly fatal, health problems. IV. LEAD (Pb): These emissions originate from the combustion of leaded gasoline. AÐ ´ lead compounds are used as fuel additives in large vehicles to control engine knocking. Enough lead in the atmosphere can cause lead poisoning and other health concerns. V. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2): Although this is a product of complete combustion, it does not directly impair human health, but it is a â€Å"Green House Gas†, that traps the earth’s heat and contributes to the potential for global warming. VI. SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2): This is a by-product formed by burning sulfur. Sulfur dioxide can combine with water to form sulfuric acid, a very corrosive chemical which can corrode metals. Control primarily consists of removing sulfur from fuel at the refinery. VII. EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS: These are produced from the evaporation of fuel, and are large contributors to urban smog. I. GAS TANK VENTING (OR) DIURNAL: Gasoline evaporates as the temperature rises during the day, heating the fuel tank and venting the gasoline into the atmosphere. , II. RUNNING LOSSES: The escape of gasoline vapors from the engine and exhaust system when the car is running results in running losses. III. REFUELING LOSSES: These can cause a lot of HC vapor emission. The empty space inside a vehicle’s tank is filled with HC gases, and as the tank is filled, these gases are forced out into the atmosphere. IV. HOT SOAK: The engine remains hot for a period of time, after that car is turned off, and gasoline evaporation continues when the car is parked. In addition to these, automobile also generates several other sources of pollution which include: Water Pollution from fluids that leak from cooling systems, engines and transmissions. Hazardous waste from discarded fluids, tires, batteries and the like asbestos fibers from brake linings and clutches. EMISSION STANDARDS: To limit the amount of pollutants that can be released into the atmosphere certain standards are introduced â€Å"EMISSION STANDARDS†. Many emission standards focus on regulating the amount of material that can be released by he automobiles and the amount of smog forming material that can be released. Standards generally regulate the amount of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, the sulfur, HC and particulate matter (PM) that can be released. Evaporative emissions from the vehicle are limited by law and tested as part of the new vehicle type approval by a so-called SHED-TEST. The current limit is 2grams of HC per hour, which may amount to an evaporation of one liter (14 gallon) in a month. TRENDS IN ANNULAR VEHICULAR EMISSIONS IN DELHI (per thousands tonnes) Pollutants |1990-91 |1995-96 |2000-01 |2005-06 |2010-11 | |CO |139 |178 |202 |199 |206 | |HC |55 |71 |83 |82 |83 | |NOx |35 |44 |54 |60 |74 | |SO2 |04 |05 |07 |09 |11 | |TSP |07 |09 |12 |13 |14 | |Pb |0. 78 |0. 102 |0. 111 |0. 104 |0. 098 | (TSP – Total Suspended Particles) EMISSION STANDARDS FOR PETROL AND DIESEL VEHICLES: According to Bombay Motor Vehicle Act, the ideal emission limits are as follows: (a). Petrol Vehicles: 4. 5% by volume of carbon monoxide for 2 and 3 wheelers. 3. 0% by volume of carbon monoxide for 4 wheelers. (b). Diesel Vehicles: 65 hartidge smoke units (2. 45 m-1 of smoke density) measured by free acceleration method. NEED TO CONTROL EMISSIONS: The ever increasing technological demands of society impose needs for new, more accurate, less expensive and more efficient control solutions to existing emission problems (health, global warming, and acid rains). There are many adverse health effects caused by emissions, including cancer, premature death, and increased hospitalization. With increase in the number of vehicles the health effects will only be reduced with continual improvement in fuels and by adopting emission control techniques. EMISSION TESTING PROCEDURES: The first emission criteria was measuring tailpipe emissions in parts per million (PPM). The most common test used was the Idle Test usually a two-speed idle test, later to be succeeded with a Dynamometer (the latest variant is knows as the accelerated simulated mode ASM). ASM testing, tests for three gases instead of two; if one gas emission is higher, the vehicle fails the test. Usually, vehicle under 8500 GVW and gasoline powered vehicles are subjected ASM testing with the exemption of all wheel drive vehicles. Some cities are also using the technology that uses Laser to Detect Emissions. Research on establishing appropriate Chassis-Dynamometer Fuel Economy Test Methods and fuel consumption assessment methods for heavy-duty vehicles using simulation in order to promote the use of vehicles with good fuel efficiency and low carbon dioxide is being done. These results obtained have been used for preparing technical standards for automobile emissions. WHAT IS TESTED Tailpipe concentrations of carbon-monoxide and hydrocarbons ? Visual inspection of emission control system, includes the: Oxygen sensor †¢ Catalytic converter †¢ Leaded fuel inlet restrictor †¢ Air injector system Evaporative system ? Inspection for visible emissions (smoke) EMISSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES: As it is discussed previously there are two main types of emissions from automobiles. A) Tail pipe Emissions B) Evaporative Emissions So it is enough to control these emissions to avoid the adverse effects. Tail Pipe Emissions Control can be categorized into three parts. I. Increasing Engine Efficiency II. Increasing Vehicle Efficiency III. Increasing Driving Efficiency IV. Cleaning up the Emissions I. INCREASING ENGINE EFFICIENCY: Engine efficiency has been gradually improved by using following techniques. ELECTRONIC IGNTION: In an EI system, the Contact breaker points are replaced by an angular sensor of some kind either optical, where a vaned rotor breaks a light beam, or more commonly using a Hall Effect Sensor, which responds to a rotating magnet mounted on a suitable shaft. The sensor output is shaped and processed by suitable circuitry, then used to trigger a switching device such as a thyristor , which switches a large flow of current through the coil. EI systems were developed alongside other improvements such as fuel injection systems. After a while it became logical to combine the functions of fuel control and Ignition into one electronic system known as an engine management system (EMS). Modern EMS systems usually monitor other engine parameters such as temperature and the amount of pollution in the exhaust. This allows them to control the engine to minimize the unburnt fuel and other noxious gases, leading to much cleaner and more efficient engines. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS: The fuel droplet size and size distribution produced by fuel injection system is an important parameter in defining the efficiency and emissions output of an automotive engine. Fuel injection is a method to precisely meter fuel into an internal combustion engine, where the fuel is there burned in air to produce heat. The two features result in the following performance benefits. ? Emissions significantly reduced â€Å"engine ouT† or â€Å"feed gas† emissions (the chemical products of engine combustion). ? A reduction in final tail pipe emissions (=0. 99%) result. ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT: A vital component of any engine is the governor, which limits the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery. Modern electronically controlled engines achieve this through electronic control module or electronic control unit. The engine mounted computer. The ECM receives an engine speed signal from a sensor and then using algorithms and look up calibration tables stored in ECU. It controls the amount of fuel and its timing through electric or hydraulic actuators to maintain engine speed. Controlling the time of the start of injection of fuel into the pistons is the key to minimizing their emissions and maximizing the fuel economy. II. II. INCREASING VEHICLE EFFICIENCY: Contribution to the goal of reducing fuel consumption and related emissions come from, ? Light weight vehicle design ? Minimized air resistance ? Reduced rolling resistance ? Improved power train efficiency ? Increasing spark to the spark plug IIi. INCREASING DRIVING EFFICIENCY: Significant reduction of emissions comes from, ? Driving techniques (some 10 – 30% reduction) ? Unobstructed traffic conditions ? Cruising at an optimum speed for the vehicle ? Reducing the number of cold starts IV. CLEANING UP THE EMISSIONS: Advances in engine and vehicle technology continually reduce the amount of pollutants generated, but this is generally considered insufficient to meet emissions goals. Therefore, technologies to react with and clean up the remaining emissions have long been an essential part of emissions control. I. PCV VALVE: It was the first step leading to a complicated process to reduce auto emissions. The purpose of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve is to take the vapors produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and redirecting them into the air/fuel intake system to be burned during combustion. These vapors dilute the air/fuel mixture, they have to be carefully controlled and metered so as not to affect the performance of the engine. This is the job of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve. At idle, when the air/fuel mixture is very critical, just a little of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. At high speed when the mixture is less critical and the pressures in the engine are greater, more of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. When the valve or the system is clogged, vapors will back up into the air filter housing or at worst, the excess pressure will push past seals and reate engine oil leaks. If the wrong valve is used or the system has air leaks, the engine will idle rough, or at worst engine oil will be sucked out of the engine. II. AIR INJECTION: This is a very early emissions control system, the Air Injection Reactor (AIR) reduced the products of incomplete combustion by injecting fresh air into the exhaust manifolds of the engine in presence of this oxygen laden air, further combustion occurs in the manifold and exhaust pipe. Generally the air is delivered through an engine driven smog pump and air tubing to the manifolds. It is not generally in use any longer having been supplanted by cleaner burning engines and better catalytic converters. III. EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR): NOX emissions are generated differently than HC and CO emissions. HC and CO are the results of incomplete combustion of the fuel. NOx, on the other hand, is a byproduct, produced when nitrogen and oxygen in the air read at high temperatures. The higher the temperature the more NOx is formed, and so reducing peak combustion temperatures will reduce NOx formation. One way to accomplish this is by pulling some of the engine’s exhaust gas back into the cylinder. Because the exhaust gas has already been burned, it will not burn again and therefore shows down the rate at which the flame spreads from the spark plug through the cylinder chain. This slower burn reduces peak combustion temperature and NOx formation. The two problems with EGR a) They reduce the power capability of the engine b) At idle, there is very little air entering the engine. Any dilution of the fresh air charge with exhaust gas at idle will make the engine stumble and may e not run at idle. IV. CATALYTIC CONVERTERS: Automotive emissions are controlled in three ways, one is to promote more complete combustion so that there are less by products. The second is to reintroduce excessive hydrocarbons back into the engine for combustion and the third is to provide an additional area for oxidation or combustion to occur. This additional area is called a catalytic converter. The catalytic converter looks like a muffler. A catalytic converter is a device, placed in the exhaust pipe, which converts various emissions into less harmful ones using platinum or palladium as a catalyst. They make for a significant, and easily applied, method for reducing tail pipe emissions. Their other significant effect on pollution was that they were incompatible with the use of Tetraethyl lead as an octane booster in gasoline, promoting the phasing-out of that additive as converter-fitted cars became more prevalent. The lead emissions were highly damaging to human health, and its virtual elimination has been one of the most successful reductions in air pollution. A secondary catalyst of Rhodium is used to break up nitrogen oxides back into nitrogen and oxygen PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER: A three way catalytic converter has three simultaneous tasks. (a) Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide to Carbon Dioxide 2 CO + O2 2 CO2 (b) Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides to Nitrogen NOX O2 + N2 (c) Oxidation of Hydrocarbons (un-burnt fuel) to Carbon Dioxide and water CXHy + NO2 X CO2 + MH2O The amount of oxygen to fuel in the engine is in a ratio for the most complete combustion. When there is more oxygen than required, then the system is sold to be running lean and the system is an oxidizing condition. The above two oxidizing reactions are favored. When there is more fuel than oxygen they the engine is running rich. The reduction of NOx is favored. For spark ignition engines the most commonly used catalytic converter is the three way converter which should only be used on engines that feature electronic fuel injection. A three-way catalyst reduces emission of CO, HC and NOx simultaneously but unwanted reactions can occur in the three-way such as the formation of H2S and NH3. Formation of each can be limited by modifications to the wash coat/precious metals used. For compression ignition engines the most commonly used catalytic converter is the diesel oxidation catalyst. The catalyst used excess O2 in the exhaust gas stream to oxidize CO to CO2 and HC to H2O and CO2. These converters often reach 90% effectiveness; however they are incapable of reducing NOX as chemical reactions always occur in the simplest possible way, and the existing O2 in the exhaust gas stream. To reduce NOX in a CI engine it is necessary to change the exhaust systems by SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technology. For diesel engine we use particulate filter (PF) to reduce particulate or soot. Any sulfur in the fuel may be oxidized to oxides of sulfur in the combustion chamber. If sulfur passes over a catalyst it may be further oxidized in the catalyst. Sulfur oxides are precursors to sulfuric acid, a major component of acid rain. While it is possible to add substances the vanadium to the catalyst wash coat to combat sulfur oxide formation, this will typically reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst. The best solution is further refinement of fuel at the refinery to remove the sulfur however it is impractical. V. SPARK OPTIMISER: The spark is the fundamental means to ignite and allowing burning (combustion) to take place is the cylinder. Recent market invention has taken one step further to allow more efficient burning of fuel air mixture in petrol/gasoline vehicles. The electronic device helps to produce bugger, and more consistent spark to the spark plug. This reduces the amount of un-burnt fuel, and thus emitting less hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide to the environment. EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS CONTROL: Efforts at the reduction of evaporative emissions include the capturing of vented vapors from within the vehicles and the reduction of refueling emissions. CAPTURING VENTED: Within the vehicle, vapors from the fuel tank are channeled through canisters containing activated carbon instead of being vented to the atmosphere. The vapors are absorbed within the canister, which feeds into the inlet manifold of the engine. When the vehicle is running, the vapor desorb from the carbon, are drawn into the engine and burned. REDUCING REFUELLING : All modern vehicles have tank filler necks that instead of just being a tube into the tank, as in earlier vehicles now have a small-diameter hinged and spring loaded door only large enough for the tip of the filler nozzle. This prevents vapor leakage when the filler cap is removed, and also prevents a catalytic converter-fitted vehicle being refueled with leaded fuel. This is accompanied by modifications to the filling station pumps. They are now equipped to suck the vapors back into the pump as they are displaced by fuel. Some have intakes around the head of the filler nozzle, while others have a rubber ‘boot’ that presses securely around the end of filler neck to prevent vapor escaping. LATEST ADVANCES IN CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM AUTOMOBILES: NASA’s Laser Technology ? Alcohols in Diesel Engines ? Fuel Cell Vehicles ? Electric Vehicles NASA’S LASER TECHNOLOGY: NASA’s Laser Technology was originally designed for satellites to measure the chemical makeup of earth’s atmosphere, low temperature oxidation catalysts (LTOC) this may be soon a part of future car’s exhaust system. LTOC technology is expected to reduce automotive pollution emissions by approximately 30% and the cost of aftermarket catalyst converters by 25%. Most modern automobiles are equipped with catalytic converters that treat engine exhaust before it leaves the car. Current technology requires the exhaust to reach a high temperature before the catalytic converter begins to work. LTOC begins to operate at a much lower temperature or as soon as the car is started. Because of its low temperature oxidation capabilities the NASA catalyst begins to work almost immediately enabling destruction of toxic gases even when catalytic converter is cold. The LTOC is a collection of technologies that enables the destruction of pollutant gases such carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons as well as NOx species. ALCOHOLS IN VEHICLES: Methanol and ethanol high octane liquid fuels are being used in cars. Cars designed to run on pure alcohol fuels have the potential to exit 80% to 90% less reactive hydrocarbons than advanced technology gasoline cars. Compressed Natural gas as fuel is used for fleet vehicles where long driving range is not important. Natural gas vehicles have the potential to emit 85% to 95% less reactive hydrocarbons than advanced technology gasoline engines. FUEL CELL VEHICLES: Fuel cells are like batteries in that they convert chemical energy directly into electricity. Fuel cell systems produce no polluting emissions and they contain no moving parts. Fuel cells are also 3 times more efficient than the IC engine. Unlike gasoline used by IC engine, most fuel cells utilize hydrogen, a renewable resource. The use of fuel cells will decrease our dependence on finite amount of fossil fuels. A major limitation of the cell is onboard hydrogen storage which requires a large tank to store hydrogen. To reduce this problem, methanol and gasoline reformations are used in prototype fuel cell cars. The methods of direct storage of hydrogen that appears to be most promising are those of glass micro spheres, carbon nano tubes, and graphite nano fibers. ELECTRIC CARS: Pure electric cars, relying only on stored battery power and plugging into recharge, do not have great prospects as general-purpose vehicles, but they could become increasingly handy in emerging market segments because of almost zero emissions. One future option might be electric mini cars, which are being explored in station car demonstration projects. Hybrid vehicles: These are powered by a combination of a combustion engine and an electric motor. Hybrids can double gas mileage while halving emissions. The heat generated during braking is stored as electricity in the cars battery pack and then is used to provide extra power for accelerating. Hybrid vehicles rely on gasoline stored in a conventional fuel tank, and do not need to be plugged into an external electricity source CONCLUSIONS: Automobiles equipped with emission control techniques are predicted of meeting emission standards that require reduction of up to 98+percent for Hc,96% for CO and 95% for NOX. ? Despite the fact that fuel use increased approximately 50% and vehicle miles traveled by 150% between 1970 and 2000,CO, VOC, NOX emissions are decreased by 44 million tons. ? The use of Catalytic converter helped bring about the elimination of gasoline containing lead, today lead from on-road vehicles accounts for less than 1%. The Society of Automotive Engineers selected the catalytic converter, fuel injection, and electronic engine controls to reduce automotive exhaust emissions. REFERENCES: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control http://www. greenercars. com/gbd5. html http://www. meca. org/galleries/default-file/ http://www. meca. org/galleries/default-file/advancedfact. pdf5thannivpr. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control http://www. cleancarcampaign. org/emissions. shtml http://www. epa. gov/otaq/consumer/05-autos. pdf

The History of the Ashikaga Shogunate

The History of the Ashikaga Shogunate Between 1336 and 1573, the Ashikaga Shogunate ruled Japan. However, it was not a strong central governing force, and in fact, the Ashikaga Bakufu witnessed the rise of powerful daimyo all around the country. These regional lords reigned over their domains with very little interference or influence from the shogun in Kyoto.   The Beginning of Ashikaga Rule The first century of Ashikaga rule is distinguished by a flowering of culture and the arts, including Noh drama, as well as the popularization of Zen Buddhism. By the later Ashikaga period, Japan had descended into the chaos of the Sengoku period, with different daimyo battling one another for territory and power in a century-long civil war. The roots of Ashikaga power go back even before the Kamakura period (1185 - 1334), which preceded the Ashikaga shogunate. During the Kamakura era, Japan was ruled by a branch of the ancient Taira clan, which lost the Genpei War (1180 - 1185) to the Minamoto clan, but managed to seize power anyway. The Ashikaga, in turn, was a branch of the Minamoto clan. In 1336, Ashikaga Takauji overthrew the Kamakura shogunate, in effect defeating the Taira once more and returning the Minamoto to power. Ashikaga got his chance in large part thanks to Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China. Kublai Khans two invasions of Japan, in 1274 and 1281, did not succeed thanks to the miracle of the kamikaze, but they did significantly weaken the Kamakura shogunate. Public dissatisfaction with Kamakura rule gave the Ashikaga clan its chance to overthrow the shogun  and seize power.   In 1336, Ashikaga Takauji established his own shogunate in Kyoto. The Ashikaga Shogunate is also sometimes known as the Muromachi shogunate  because the shoguns palace was in the Muromachi district of Kyoto. From the start, Ashikaga rule was bedeviled by controversy. A disagreement with the Emperor, Go-Daigo, about who would actually have power, led to the emperor being deposed in favor of the Emperor Komyo. Go-Daigo fled south and set up his own rival imperial court. The period between 1336 and 1392 is known as the Northern and Southern Courts era  because Japan had two emperors at the same time. In terms of international relations, the Ashikaga shoguns sent frequent diplomatic and trade missions to Joseon Korea, and also used the daimyo of Tsushima Island as an intermediary. Ashikaga letters were addressed to the king of Korea from the king of Japan, indicating an equal relationship. Japan also carried on an active trade relationship with Ming China, once the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was overthrown in 1368. Chinas Confucian distaste for trade dictated that they disguise the trade as tribute coming from Japan, in exchange for gifts from the Chinese emperor. Both Ashikaga Japan and Joseon Korea established this tributary relationship with Ming China. Japan also traded with Southeast Asia, sending copper, swords, and furs in exchange for exotic woods and spices. The Ashikaga Dynasty Overthrown At home, however, the Ashikaga shoguns were weak.  The clan did not have a large home domain of its own, so it lacked the wealth and power of the Kamakura or the later Tokugawa shoguns. The lasting influence of the Ashikaga era is in the arts and culture of Japan.   During this period, the samurai class enthusiastically embraced Zen Buddhism, which had been imported from China as early as the seventh century. The military elites developed an entire aesthetic based on Zen ideas about beauty, nature, simplicity, and utility. Arts including the tea ceremony, painting, garden design, architecture and interior design, floral arranging, poetry, and Noh theater all developed along Zen lines.   In 1467, the decade-long Onin War broke out. It soon escalated into a nation-wide civil war, with various daimyo fighting for the privilege of naming the next heir to the Ashikaga shogunal throne. Japan erupted into factional fighting; the imperial and shogunal capital of Kyoto burned. The Onin War marked the beginning of the Sengoku, a 100-year period of continual civil war and turmoil. The Ashikaga nominally held onto power until 1573, when warlord Oda Nobunaga overthrew the last shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki.  However, Ashikaga power really ended with the start of the Onin War.

Social Media Investigations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media Investigations - Assignment Example Social media is a significant model representing an absolute exercise of the fourth amendment law by every citizen in America. Social media uses personal information on individual accounts as a means to create a satisfactory interface dimension in the modern society. Personal information provided on social media helps to reconnect with friends and family members. The social media faces intense challenges from official investigations by various governments. The American government uses social media to assemble evidence on possible suspects. Social media also acts as a central podium for identifying a given criminal’s location Brunty, Helenek & Miller, 2013). The federal government monitors social media and uses the identified details in a misconstrued manner. This case shows a violation of the fourth amendment that protects citizens against unreasonable search. The law also protects individuals from the seizure of personal information without warrants. Professor Semitsu’s perspective on the need to regulate government violations justifies the rising arbitrary search by law enforcement. The intrusion by the government shows misguided behavior on individual privacy. The discussion on social media invasion draws the justification from the provision in the fourth act (Kessler, 2010). The provision condemns the use of evidence obtained against such arbitrary searches or seizure of personal effect. Citizens should enjoy constitutional provisions of social networking without disturbance. The invasion by law enforcement agencies defines a dictatorial status as a ruling definition by any government. Asking social media’s legal department for personal records without a warrant is similar to a seizure of documents and personal effects.

Australian Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Constitution - Essay Example Justice M.D. Kirby (1997) succinctly highlights the difficulties in this manner: "I have elsewhere tried to point out that the Australian Constitution can be viewed as reflecting a struggle, which is still ongoing, between British and United States elements captured in its text." (The Honourable Justice M D Kirby AC CMG, 1997) "In 1992 in Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth the High Court struck down the Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures Act 1991 (Cth) which restricted political advertising on the electronic media during Federal, State, Territory and local elections. In doing so, it recognized that the Australian Constitution contains an implied freedom to discuss political matters. This freedom was primarily derived from sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution, which respectively provide that the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives 'shall be ... directly chosen by the people'. As federal laws passed under section 51 of the Constitution are passed 'subject to this Constitution', such laws are invalid if they infringe the implied freedom" (William, George (b); 1996-97). The reason for the High Court decision was clear. The 'implied freedom' took precedence over Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures Act 1991. Or, the 'implied freedom' was implicitly clear while the written law was irrelevant. The Australian constitution does not guarantee freedom of speech. However, the court ruled in favor of Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd quoting 'implied freedom'. The learned judge ruled on the merits of the case. Had he ruled on the basis of the written constitution, he would have ruled otherwise (William, George (b); 1996-97). The constitution is a powerful document. It is the overriding and supreme determinant. However, sometimes there are verdicts that appear to have little to do with the constitution. At times, they also appear to run counter to the constitution. Nonetheless, the judges are in better position to provide the ruling. The ruling reinforces what many believe that the Australian constitution is a little more than a legal document. In other words, the Australian constitution must be taken with a pinch of salt. Does this also mean that this constitution is inconsistent and has inadequacies No responsible judge will be expected to make such sweeping remarks. However, there could be a silent consensus on what the constitution ought to be (Justice and the Rule of Law). Disputes arise that demand a constitutional resolution. These disputes are handled by legal specialists and settled in the courts. But from time to time, controversies occur, drawing the country's attention to its constitution. These raise major national questions about whether acts of government or parliament, decisions or actions of officials are constitutional, that is, whether they are authorized by the ultimate source of law and power in Australia (Justice and the

Personality And Self Care Of Nurses Nursing Essay

Personality And Self Care Of Nurses Nursing Essay It seems that quite often in life, especially in the last few years, people have noted a tendency I have to take on roles involving the motivation of others to grow and learn. This seems to be supported by the personality classification determined by my taking of the Myers-Briggs personality test. In other words, I have an ENFJ personality type, also known as The Teacher. In reviewing my personality type, it is clear that it has profound impact on the way I view and interact with the world, practice as a nurse, handle stress and take care of myself. The Dimensions of Personality and the Practice of Nursing The letters ENFJ refer to preferences within four different dimensions of personality. Specifically the E, which stands for extroversion, describes my outward direction of energy flow. This means that in general I am focused on the environment and people around me rather than reflecting upon the world within me. This is manifested by a general excitement when I am involved in activities with others. Such experiences give me energy. As a nurse in training, this quality gives me the motivation and courage to meet new people and boldly discover ways to involve myself in their lives in a positive manner. For example, one day while doing a clinical in the oncology unit at UCLA I learned of a 21 year old patient who brought in his guitars and amplifiers. With the permission of my clinical instructor and the nursing staff, I eagerly visited his room to talk about guitars. We ended up jamming together with his mom and some fellow student nurses in attendance. This gave us an opportunity to speak of his music as well as health and hope for the future. He, his mom and, as I learned later, the nursing staff, were very appreciative. The next dimension in the Myers-Briggs sequence pertains to my preference in the method I use to acquire new information. N represents an intuitive preference, which means I have an affinity for finding insights beyond just the facts. I have a tendency to look for abstract meanings and consider possibilities for the future based upon trends I see today. In the nursing role, this quality can help me to see the big picture beyond the raw data about a patient. For example, in the Emergency Room at a recent clinical, a disturbed mental health patient kept complaining of a squeezing feeling in her calves and asking for medication. I sensed there was more to the situation and I asked her if anything stressful happened prior to these symptoms. She then expounded on a specific verbal conflict the previous day and unleashed a slew of emotional comments about her life. Soon her legs were no longer an issue and she requested transfer to the mental health unit. How I make decisions is indicated by the third dimension with my preference being an F for feeling. This means that I prefer to consider people and special circumstances as a priority above how general principles can be consistently and logically applied. In this regard I am inclined to consider the greatest good for all people involved in the situation over and against a strict cost-benefit analysis that does not incorporate the value of harmonious relationships. An affinity to rely on feelings also leads me to search for inspiration and motivation in meanings that are not readily quantifiable but are nevertheless very real. My focus on feelings leads me to make sure everyone is happy with a decision that involves them. This can benefit me as a team member on a nursing staff. Last quarter a nurse requested I do something with a patient that was technically outside the hospital protocol and different than the way we learned it in school. Though I knew her approach was common and accepted, I was not willing to perform it below the standard I had learned. However, the pressing concern on my mind was not declaring the rules, but maintaining our relationship. With this in mind I refrained from bluntly asserted the protocol, though this would have been quicker and easier in the moment. Instead I found ways to gently ask her about the protocol and the reasons for it. Then, rather than stating what I would do, I asked her how she would feel if I did it according to protocol. This made her feel as if she were a partner in the decision. At this point she heartily agreed and supported me. In this way I managed to p roceed according to the strict hospital rules without hindering my relationship with the nurse. The last dimension describes how I prefer to relate to the outside world. The J stands for judging, which means I place a high value on the accomplishment of tasks in order to create a sense of order and control. In this regard I may prefer to forgo flexibility and spontaneity in order to bring stability and predictability to life. This trait drives me to organize and track tasks in a concrete manner which can be very important as a nurse. During a clinical day last quarter I soon realized that many things could impact when and if meds were given (e.g. a med is out of stock, the patient refused, vitals or labs not within range,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) It is important for the nurse to track this as it will impact future decisions. In view of this I developed a unique chart, utilizing special symbols and notations, that I used to keep record the status of the giving of meds. This chart freed my mind to consider new tasks without forgetting why and when the situation with a previous medication needed to be revisited. The chart also served as a useful tool my clinical instructor and precepting nurse could view as well. Personality Under Fire When under stress my desire to avoid conflict sometimes leads me to forego what may be fair for myself. Recently in a clinical situation I was working with patients that required a large amount of unexpected care I naively agreed to take on. As the stress took its toll, rather than seeking help and take a much needed break, I opted to solve the problems myself by drawing upon every ounce of energy my extrovert attitude could supply. While it would have been reasonable to rely on others, the stress caused me to imagine doing so would create disharmony. As an ENFJ I do tend to focus on the opinions of others about me to gauge my value. Recently I was performing a sterile procedure under the supervision of a nurse who I felt was rushing me. In my effort to gain her approval, I went quicker than I was ready, rather than assert to her that I was already going as fast as I could. This resulted in making a mistake that required me to start over with a new set of supplies. Personality People Various aspects of the ENFJ type help me relate to people. My desire to support others helps make me sensitive to the needs of colleagues. Recently when working with an ER nurse, as she explained and showed me different procedures, I was always asking her for ways I could assist in an ancillary way, which she appreciated. I seemed to relieve some of her stress. With patients I am very comfortable walking into situations that I am unfamiliar with as I am confident my extrovert attitude with carry me. At a recent therapeutic activity group in the Geriatric Psychiatric Unit I was able to quickly interact with most patients and involve them in conversations. One woman felt comfortable sharing some great memories with me about a song she loved. Also my desire to bring out the best in people causes me to look for ways to inspire hope. With a cancer patient who was despondent over his prognosis, I encouraged him with all the good things he had in his life such as his family and community activities. This brightened his outlook and seemed to give him courage for the future. The value I place on clarity, order and the approval of others leads me to be very inquisitive with supervisors. I generally desire confirmation that I am headed in the right direction. In this way I make sure that what I am doing is appropriate. This is evidenced by the numerous questions posed to my Mental Health instructor and an overseeing hospital staff person about an upcoming therapeutic activity group. I carry this attitude into my interactions with physicians as well, which I find to be constructive. Recently I was able to interact with a surgeon in OR. He could see my desire to get involved as much as possible and began to engage me in conversation about the patients condition. My general outgoing and inquisitive attitude encouraged him to involve me more, even allowing me to palpate various organs exposed by the incision. This turned out to be a very education experience for me. With groups, I think people view me as someone who will help smooth the edges of relationships. In addition, while in group gatherings I tend to avoid attracting negative attention to anyone, even if it takes the form of good-natured ribbing, as I am sensitive to the effect of having an audience. In the previous semester, a member of my student clinical group called me to discuss some issues she had with the comments of another student in the group. After talking a bit I was able to help her see these comments in a less antagonistic way and offer her some suggestions on how to respond in the future to avoid friction. Personality and Self-Care Knowing my personality type helps me understand how I need to take care of myself. As an ENFJ I am excited about supporting others and bringing out their potential. However, this can lead me to sacrifice my own needs. Because I greatly value interaction with others, I may tend to dismiss the value solitary time that would help me gather my thoughts. Therefore, in the future I need to consciously allow myself time to be alone and reflect on life without feeling as if I am missing out on something. This is important to preserve balance in my life. Because of my disdain for conflict, I often fail to maintain proper personal boundaries, which unscrupulous people sometimes take advantage of. In view of this, if I conclude that someone has overstepped their bounds, I need to assert myself to prevent this and understand that doing so is important for a healthy relationship. It is really in the best interest of all concerned. Because I greatly desire affirmation from others, I tend to be ove rly hard on myself if I make a mistake or fall short. Therefore, just as I understand how important it is to forgive others and ask them to forgive me, I need to be able to forgive myself. To do any less would be to compromise my emotional and mental well-being and effectiveness. Conclusion As I read the general descriptions of each of the dimensions of the ENFJ personality type it is uncanny how realistically they described me in ways that were not explicitly asked about on the test. When we put all of these preference dimensions together we see the portrait of a Teacher: someone who is outgoing, looks for abstract ways to connect ideas and inspire people, understands the value of relationships, and finds satisfaction in setting goals and accomplishing a task. Knowing the basics of my personality type, along with the strengths and weaknesses, will help me understand my past and prepare for the future. References Butt, J. (2005, February 23). Extraverted iNtuitive Feeling Judging. Retrieved January 2011, 13, from http://typelogic.com/enfj.html Idealist Portrait of the Teacher (ENFJ). (n.d.). Retrieved January 12, 2011, from http://www.keirsey.com/4temps/teacher.asp Jung Typology Test. (n.d.). Retrieved January 12, 2011, from http://humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/jtypes2.asp Portrait of an ENFJ. (2010). Retrieved January 15, 2011, from http://www.personalitypage.com/html/ENFJ.html The Myers Briggs Foundation. (n.d.). MBTI Basics. Retrieved January 28, 2011, from http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/

Plague - Bacillus Yersinia Pestis Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical

Identification and Prevention of What Makes Life â€Å"Nasty, Brutish, and Short† Plague is caused by the bacterium bacillus Yersinia pestis, and is carried by rodents, fleas, and mammals. Plague takes three forms: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Bubonic plague affects the lymph glands, while the pneumonic and septicemic forms affect the lungs and the blood. Today, plague can be prevented by antibiotics and strict public health measures. Three methods of controlling carriers involve sanitizing the environment, educating the public on how to prevent exposure, and using prophylactic antibiotics. â€Å"O happy posterity, who will not experience such abysmal woe and will look upon our testimony as a fable,† wrote the Florentian Renaissance author Francesco Petrarch to a friend in the midst of the Black Plague (Benedictow 3). Indeed, the Black Plague and its timeless infamy define when life was nasty, brutish, and short. Between 1346 and 1353, the Black Plague cast its dismal shadow over Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Western Asia. The plague also recurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in huge pandemics in Asia, and continues to be a threat today. The agent of plague, the bacterium bacillus Yersinia pestis, is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas. Yersinia pestis is carried in the circulatory systems of chipmunks, prairie dogs, ground squirrels, mice, and other mammals. The plague is spread among humans by the inhalation of coughs of plague pneumonia. Although it is tempting to dismiss this pathogen as only active in outbreaks like the Black Death, and despite that the medical community found solutions to plague, plague continues to threaten those who live in areas of poor housing and sanitati... ...f Person-to-Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague.† Healthcare Epidemiology. 27 July, 2006. 15 April, 2005. . Kopp, Elizabeth, and Medzhitov, Ruslan. â€Å"A Plague on Host Defense.† The Journal of Experimental Medicine. . â€Å"Plague Fact Sheet.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. . â€Å"Plague Prevention and Control.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. . VeriMed Healthcare Network. â€Å"Plague.† Medline Plus. 17 June, 2005. 26 July, 2006. .

Research Evaluation Tables Essay

Through this study, Henri intended to determine whether dynamism in performance measurement systems was appropriate for any change an organization underwent, or if there were circumstances where revision to the performance measurement systems were not needed.  Henri also intended to determine if the link between dynamic performance measurement systems and the performance of an organization were contingent on a level of internal or external change. The third goal of this study was to add additional data on this subject to the scant body of research available on the dynamism of performance measurement systems. | Research Methods| Henri used quantitative/confirmatory analysis in this study. Henri used a mail survey to gather data. The survey used seven point Likery-type scales to assess changes to the performance measurement systems, to determine innovativeness and learning orientation of the organization and organizational performance. All of the tools used in the questionnaire were validated in advance. | Audience| Henri focused this study on two main audiences. The first was to provide information to manager, executives, and professionals charged with running organizations. Henri also intended to add additional research for managerial accounting literature. | Research Evaluation| The researchers in this study used Likert Scale questions to assess performance measurement at the organization. Likert Scales are frequently used when a researcher wants to measure attitudes about a certain topic (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). The researchers also demonstrated the validity of the study by having experts in the field test the instrument in three different groups and provide feedback (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). One problem with this study was the response rate was only 24 percent which increases the risks of bias in the study (Bowling, 2005). This study is written to cover the topic of how performance measurement should change, and when, which is a practical topics for managers to review. The overall conclusion of this study found organizations willing to periodically review performance measures have better overall organizational performance. This information would be beneficial to my agency because we use performance measures to make decisions in the organization. Evaluating performance measures to ensure they are still applicable to our work will allow us to adjust performance measures to increase overall organizational performance. McCoy and Kinyua completed a cross-sectional study reviewing General Find disbursements over a 12-month period. McCoy and Kinyua chose to look at funding instead of expenditures because they determined it was more accurate and completed. The researchers looked at the population of the countries, the income levels, government funding and also funding sources to identify countries in need of disbursements from the Global Fund more than others. The data was all collected from spreadsheets that were found on the Global Fund website. The date was prepared and present in text, tables and charts. | Audience| This study was intended for executives and decision makers linked to the Global Fund, government officials, donors and health care professionals in the countries receiving money from the Global Fund. | Research Evaluation| This study took the information from public documents located on the Global Fund website. The complete information could be analyzed and because it was factual information and not interview data there were fewer opportunities for bias in the data (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). The esearchers in this study followed the process of quantitative data analysis (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). A significant problem with this study and the recommendations are the external factors in each country which guide leaders in how they decide to spend funds obtained. Each country is different and many of the countries served have had documented corruption problems which could influence the reliabilit y of the information. This information and process used is useful for the policy makers the study was intended for, but for practical management it is not specific in making recommendations for changes. This process could be used in more practical ways if the planning led to gathering data specific to the situation. The process of determining how to disburse funds depending on need could be useful in my organization. We have a fund to provide financial assistance to patients that are not able to pay for services. Looking at this study, it is important that we develop some methods to determine need based on other funding sources to more objectively determine funding.

Barista Success Profile - 2197 Words

SUCCESS PROFILE barista APRIL 2009 GUIDELINES FOR USE The statements in this Success Profile are general in nature and are intended as guidelines to be used in gauging partner performance. Starbucks reserves the right to handle individual employment situations, including decisions about performance evaluations and employment status, on an individual, case-by-case basis, in accordance with local employment laws and regulations. Any questions about the content of this profile should be referred to your local partner resources generalist. SUCCESS PROFILES OVERVIEW WHAT ARE SUCCESS PROFILES? Success Profiles are a performance and development tool that provides relevant examples of the behaviors that demonstrate what success looks like at†¦show more content†¦speed, quality etc.) Does not interact with new or existing customers; verbal and non-verbal actions make customers feel unwelcome Promotes an â€Å"us† vs. â€Å"them† attitude between partners and customers Recognizes new customers and makes them feel welcome; creates a sense of belonging Communicates and educates customers on core products and services Acts and makes decisions with the customer in mind Is not knowledgeable about core products and services Lets unhappy customers leave the store without attempting to resolve their issues Treats customers as transactions vs. valued individuals MI Is unwilling to handle or reacts defensively to customer criticism, complaints or special requests; avoids difficult customers Responds to customers; takes the timeShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Starbucks Coffee Company1646 Words   |  7 Pagesnamely, Dunkin Pumpkin, Cafe Du Monde, Four Barrel Coffee, and so forth. 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