Haitis Slave Rebellion Prompted the Louisiana Purchase

A slave rebellion in Haiti helped the United States double in size at the beginning of the 19th century. The uprising in what was a French colony at the time had an unexpected repercussion when the leaders of France decided to abandon plans for an empire in the Americas. Part of Frances profound change of plans was the decision by the French government to sell an enormous parcel of land, the Louisiana Purchase, to the United States in 1803.   Haitis Slave Rebellion In the 1790s the nation of Haiti was known as Saint Domingue, and it was a colony of France. Producing coffee, sugar, and indigo, Saint Domingue was a very profitable colony, but at considerable cost in human suffering. The majority of people in the colony were slaves brought from Africa, and many of them were literally worked to death within years of arriving in the Carribean. A slave rebellion, which broke out in 1791, gained momentum and was largely successful. In the mid-1790s the British, who were at war with France, invaded and seized the colony, and an army of former slaves eventually drove out the British. The leader of the former slaves, Toussaint lOuverture, established relations with the United States and Britain. Saint Domingue at that point was essentially an independent nation, free from European control. Toussaint LOuverture. Getty Images The French Sought to Reclaim Saint Domingue The French, in time, chose to reclaim their colony. Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a military expedition of 20,000 men to Saint Domingue. Toussaint lOuverture was taken prisoner and jailed in France, where he died. The French invasion ultimately failed. Military defeats and an outbreak of yellow fever doomed Frances attempts to retake the colony. The new leader of the slave revolt, Jean Jacque Dessalines, declared Saint Domingue to be an independent nation on January 1, 1804. The nations new name was Haiti, in honor of a native tribe. Thomas Jefferson Had Wanted to Buy the City of New Orleans While the French were in the process of losing their grip on Saint Domingue, President Thomas Jefferson was trying to purchase the city of New Orleans from the French. Though France claimed much of the land west of the Mississippi River, Jefferson had only really been interested in purchasing the seaport at the mouth of the Mississippi. Napoleon Bonaparte had been interested in Jeffersons offer to purchase New Orleans. But the loss of the Frances most profitable colony made Napoleons government begin to think it wasnt worth the effort it would take to hold on to the vast tract of land that is now the American Midwest. When Frances finance minister suggested that Napoleon should offer to sell Jefferson all the French holdings west of the Mississippi, the emperor agreed. And so Thomas Jefferson, who had been interested in buying a city, was offered the chance to buy enough land that the United States would instantly double in size. Jefferson made all the necessary arrangements, got approval from Congress, and in 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Purchase. The actual transfer took place on December 20, 1803. The French had other reasons to sell the Louisiana Purchase besides their loss of Saint Domingue. One persistent concern was that the British, invading from Canada, could eventually seize all the territory anyway. But it is fair to say that France would not have been prompted to sell the land to the United States when they did had they not lost their prized colony of Saint Domingue. The Louisiana Purchase, of course, contributed enormously to the westward expansion of the United States and the era of Manifest Destiny. Haitis Chronic Poverty Is Rooted in the 19th Century Incidentally, the French, in the 1820s, did try once again to take back Haiti. France did not reclaim the colony, but it did force the small nation of Haiti to pay reparations for land which French citizens had forfeited during the rebellion. Those payments, with interest added, crippled the Haitian economy throughout the 19th century, which meant that Haiti was forced to endure miserable poverty. The nation was never able to fully develop as an independent nation due to its crippling debts. To this day Haiti is the most impoverished nation in the Western Hemisphere, and the countrys very troubled financial history is rooted in the payments it was making to France going back to the 19th century.

Compare and Contrast the Strategies of War Planning and...

There are a many similarities between military and business planning. The definitions of military and business planning are similar and/or have the same core processes--although they may be called something different. The Army defines planning â€Å"as a continuous process in preparation for future assigned or assumed tasks.† Further, â€Å"[planning] involves a detailed and systematic examination of all aspects of contemplated operations.† An additional business definition of planning includes, â€Å"defining the ends to be achieved and determining appropriate means to achieve the defined ends.† Another business definition states, â€Å"defining organizational goals and proposing ways to reach them.† Although, if you take the definitions apart you†¦show more content†¦General George Washington said war must be carried on by, â€Å"Men of Character actuated by Principles of Honor.† Further, but with continued attention on ethi cal considerations and the vision of the leader, the second element of leadership (planning for either business or military) is professional skills. Professional skills include conceptual, competency, and communications. The conceptual skill involves the ability to develop processes or ideas and make decisions. Many believe that creativity, generation of novel ideas, is the first step in the innovation process. In addition to creativity there must be some semi-scientific decision making process. A part of the decision making process should be forecasting. â€Å"Forecasting involves projecting or estimating future events or conditions in an organization’s environment...primarily external factors beyond the organization’s control.† Further, much of the decision making process includes intuition. Intuition skills are those quick and ready insights which come from being prepared, from study, and from concentration on critical issues.† Therefore, t his conceptual skill is one of the significant differences in the purpose of the military training program, not only for the top leadership, but training at all levels of the military. 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Oppression and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender...

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Oppression Generations ago, the United States was a country of the male wardrobe. Todays movements for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community are leveraging the existence of more globalized and open systems. Besides, the promotion of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population have been acknowledged through smart partnerships within conventional, political and economic scene, while the males and heterosexuals are still pervasive. Beyond the simple justice to give this element of equal rights to lesbians and gays, the legalization of gay marriage in selected states reflects a change in attitudes in society towards LGBT people and is a positive factor in†¦show more content†¦Recognized figures reveal their sexual orientation in public and in films and on television homosexual characters are depicted (Anderssen Ytteroy, 2002). 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Martin Luther King And Mass Media Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King And Mass Media Essay Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Mass MediaMartin Luther King Jr. was a very significant and influential man. Though his life was cut short at 39 years old, he left a big mark on todays society. From the Prayer Pilgrimage of May 17, 1957, an event and a date that marked Kings entr?e into the field of national Negro leadership to the unforgettable March on Washington. (Bennett 10) King was determined to reach his goal, which was to have blacks and whiter united and treated equally. King was faced with many obstacles, including the press. At first, there was hardly any print about Kings events and protests. When the events did get recognition Kings name wasnt mentioned at all. Not until many years later when the protests sparked violence and death was Kings name mentioned and even then, it was used in negative way. In this paper, I will discuss how the news magazines Time, Newsweek, and the U.S. News went about distorting, neglecting, and eventually praising King and his events. In order to help understand the Civil Rights Movement and it controversy you have to start at the beginning. On the way home from work as a seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a Montgomery City Line bus. When asked to give up her seat for a white passenger Rosa Parks refused. The bus driver left his seat and summoned the police. The police officer arrested Rosa Parks for violating the cities segregation ordinances. ( Bennett 59) Rosa Parks arrest sparked a one-day boycott that stretched out to 382 days. That event started the Civil Rights movement and changed the spirit of Martin Luther Kings, Jr. Time magazine was the first of the newsmagazines to pick up the story of the bus boycott. (Lentz 26) Newsweek didnt print the story until five months after it happened. In addition, not until then did Kings name was mentioned by it or Time. Neither King nor the cause grabbed the attention of U.S. News World Report. What they did report was how disturbed the southerners were over the population shift in Montgomery that seemed to be leading to black control. (Lentz 28 ) With the bus boycott in full swing merchants were loosing millions of dollars and white housewives were having to drive their black maids around, whose services they didnt want to loose. With people, complaining the Montgomery government stepped in. While the court was scheduled to hear the city governments petition to stop the bus boycott, the Supreme Court stepped in. A message came down form the Supreme Court striking down the motion that the bus segregation ordinance as unconstitutional. When this was heard a joyful bystander stated God Almighty has spoken from Washington D.C. (Lentz 31) After Kings victory, there was almost nothing in Newsweek and Time. Not until 382 days after the bus boycott began, did Time and Newsweek report on the event. Both ma gazines predicted that the black victory would be accepted by whites. (Lentz 31) This later proved untrue. Snipers fired shots at buses and the homes of black ministers were bombed, as were black churches. Kings first arrest after trying to enter a crowed courtroom where another Negro integration leader was testifying put his face in Newsweek. A photograph showing policeman handling King roughly, appeared in Newsweek. The caption noted Alabama arrests a Negro minister on a loitering charge. (Lucaitis 27) Not even mentioning Kings name. In the late summer of 1962, King decided to launch a series of demonstrations in Birmingham. The demonstrations lead to wide spread violence. White police officers with K-9 dogs invaded the march and arrests were made. King was one of the demonstrators arrested. .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .postImageUrl , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:visited , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:active { border:0!important; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:active , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compassion vs Insensitivity EssayTime, Newsweek, and U.S. News World Report would find themselves forced to write about the events in Birmingham. U.S. News would be forced into the all-together awkward position of having to account for the brutal and open violence black demonstrators, especially children, that the entire world had seen.(Lentz 78) Time and Newsweek would recall the Birmingham campaign as a crusade for freedom. (Lentz 78) When reporting about Birmingham, Newsweek entertained doubts. The journal chose terms, siege, army, generals, and recruiting troops, -that spoke of invasion and military. (Lentz 80) Newsweek also criticized Kings timing of the demonstratio ns. Kings problems were not limited to criticism from Newsweek and Time. Unexpectedly his movement was running out of steam. King and colleges set out on a march in order to force police to arrest them. They were taken into custody and jailed. The headlines of Newsweek and Time were unchanged as King campaign continued. The best example of how the papers chose to ignore King was after one of his many arrests. Following the arrests of King, President Kennedy called Kings wife to express his concern and to tell her that she would be hearing from her husband. Recognizing a good stroke of publicity, King instructed his wife to get word of the telephone call to the SCLC for an announcement to reporters. No mention of the call appeared in Newsweek and Time, which was odd, considering Kennedy was the nations most visible news maker.(Lentz 84) The turning point came when King recruited Birminghams school children, most of them teenagers. He had sent them on marches downtown. Before nightfal l, thousands were jailed. During the marches police officers chose to use billy clubs, police dogs, and fire hoses. More than 250 journalists, from America and many of the nations of Europe and Asia, covered the story.(Lentz 84) Time, for example, described the scene as, police against children, dogs against humans, whites against blacks.(Lentz 87)The U.S. News described King as a sinister and a ruthless leader Helping to mastermind the Birmingham protest and promising to add demonstrations in a city that already had enough violence. Fireman doused the children with high-pressure hoses. Many were sent sprawling across the pavement. There were screams as the water streams hit the people. The crowd surged forward again, and was hit by another blast of water. Police brought dogs, let them lose on long leashes. Officers on motorcycles chased Negros back into the churches and used nightsticks on stragglers.(U.S. News World Report 8) The reports made by Time were masterfully understated. The high-pressure hoses lacked the power, to strip bark from a tree, and there use was justified by the notation and the crowd surged forward twice. Only one policeman used a nightstick and that was merely to just prod stragglers. Dogs were employed but carefully, on long leashes, and dogs and demonstrators did not even meet.(Lentz 86-87) The March on Washington was the one event that united millions of blacks without violence and caught the eye of the world. It was also the place where Kings now famous speech I have a dream? originated. That speech caught the mood of the event. Time and Newsweek reported the March as a rite of national idealism. Kings popularity rose with Time because his oratory was catching, dramatic, inspirational; He became the Civil Rights Leader who holds the heat of most American Negros in his hand.(Lentz 104) Four months after the march Time magazine was the first to print the entirety of Kings I have a dream?speech. U.S. News described King as a false prophet and a dangerous radical who preached the necessity of social disruption, and increasing militancy throughout the nation.(Lentz 118)Time selected King as Man of the Year. Time said King was selected As a man- but also as the representative of his people for whom 1963 was perhaps the most important year in their history.(Bennett 118) King was also honored by receiving the Noble Peace Prize on December 10, 1964. He was the twelfth American and third Negro to win this prize. In conclusion, the victories and failures of Martin Luther King, Jr. were many. In the beginning, Time maga zine had refused to write about King and his demonstrations. Reluctantly writing about his arrests and the Birmingham riots. Newsweek wrote negatively about King and the Birmingham riots. Stating that it was almost military like, and that King had asked for violence by letting teenagers protest. After the Washington March, Time and Newsweek reported the event in a positive mind frame. In the end, Time made King its Man of the Year. The U.S. News had called King Ruthless and Sinister and all throughout Kings career, U.S. News hardly printed anything positive. As you can see King gained popularity, Time and Newsweek gradually showed interest in his message. Their articles helped King gain support from political figures, and citizens with their controversial headlines. Martin Luther King, Jr. was and still is a very important figure in our society today. There is no doubt that Americas mass media helped place King there.